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Theory and Practice 

Veteri nary M edicine 

H. L, SCRUB, D. V. M. 




Copyright N?._ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSE 



Notes on the Theory and 

Practice of Veterinary 

Medicine 



The Basis of a Series of Lectures Delivered to 

the Students of the Grand Rapids 

Veterinary College 



BY 

Dean'Herman L. Schuh, D. V. M. 



COLUMBUS, OHIO 

THE F. J. HEER PRINTING COMPANY 
1909 



A 



& 



^ & 



\ 



Copyright, 190*. 

By Herman Loy Soros. 



(LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
two Copies Received 

apr 17 \m 

CLASS CL* XXft No, 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Abscess of the Brain 136 

Abscess of the Udder 158 

Afterbirth, Eating 65 

Anaemia, Essential 164 

Azoturea, Haemoglobinuria 127 

Bladder, Paralysis of 125 

Bladder, Ulceration of . 126 

Bloating 45 

Bloat, Chronic or Mild 46 

Bone, Constitutional Diseases of 168 

Brain, Abscess of 136 

Brain, Congestion 137 

Bronchitis, Acute 83 

Bronchitis, Verminous 89 

Catarrh, Acute . 49 

Catarrh, Acute Nasal . 66 

Catarrh, Acute Bronchial 83 

Catarrh, Acute Gastro-Intestinal 38 

Catarrh, Gastro-Intestinal 37 

Catarrh, Intestinal 39 

Catarrhal Stomatitis 7 

Catarrlv, Chronic Nasal of the Horse 68 

Catarrh, Chronic Nasal 70 

Catarrh, Chronic Laryngial 76 

Cirrhosis, Diffuse , 120 

Colic 27 

Colic in Cattle 35 

Colic. Indigestion 33 

Colic, Flatulent 35 

Colic Spasmodic 34 

Colic in Swine , 3fJ 

Colts, Acute Diarrhoea 171 

Croup, Bronchial 88 

Cystitis 124 

Diarrhoea, Chronic 171 

Diarrhoea in Colts 171 

Diarrhoea, Simple 17d 

3 



4 Tabic of Contents. 

PAGE 

Diseases of the Appetite 61 

Diseases of the Circulatory Apparatus 54 

Diffuse Cirrhosis • . 128 

Diseases of the Larynx 72 

Diseases of the Lungs 93 

Diseases of the Spleen 122 

Diaphragmatic Spasms 57 

Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus 122 

Dummies 132 

Eczema 151 

Eczema, Chronic Papular 153 

Eczema, Dry 153 

Eczema, Simple Generalized 152 

Eczema, Simple Local 151 

Endocarditis, Acute 58 

Enlargement of the Heart 59 

Enteritis, Gastro 18 

Enteritis, Simple Gastro 19 

Enteritis, Croupous, Gastro 24 

Enteritis, Mycotic 25 

Enteritis, Chronic Gastro 25 

Emphysema of Lungs 106 

Epilepsy 139 

Epistaxis 71 

Erythrema 151 

Ezlampsia 140 

Fever, Thermic 141 

Flatulent Colic 35 

Forage Poisoning of Cattle 53 

Gangrenous Dermatitis of the LIdder 161 

Gastritis 18 

I [aemorrhage of the Lungs 105 

1 hart Palpitation 56 

I [eart I >isease 54 

I [ematothorax 114 

Hepatitis 12<> 

Hives 146 

I [ydrothorax 114 

1 [yperaemia 103 

Icterus, Jaundice 119 

[ncarcerated Hernias 35 



Table of Con toils. 5 

PACE 

Indigestion 48 

Indigestion. Chronic • • 48 

Indigestion, Traumatic 52 

Indigestion in Cattle 44 

Impaction of Paunch 47 

Itching 149 

Laryngitis 72 

Laryngitis, Acute Catarrhal 73 

Laryngitis. Croupous 78 

Leucaemia 165 

Leucaemia. Pseudo 166 

Licking Disease of Horses 64 

Lightning on Horses 142 

Lymphangitis 175 

Mange 154 

Mange. Psoroptic 155 

Mange of the Ox 155 

Mange, Follicular 156 

Mastitis • • 157 

Mastitis, Catarrhal 159 

Mastitis. Parenchymatous 160 

Mastitis, Septic 161 

Mastitis Infectious Gangrenous 162 

Metritis. Acute 143 

Morosis 132 

Mycotic Pneumonia 101 

Xasal Catarrh in Sheep , 69 

Nephritis, Acute 122 

Nephritis. Chronic , 123 

Nettle Rash . 146 

Nodules in the Skin 150 

Obstipation, Simple 172 

Oedema of the Udder 157 

Oedema of the Glottis 80 

Osteoperose, General 170 

Paralysis of the Rectum 173 

Panting 60 

Paresis, Parturient 116 

Parotitis 13 

Peritonitis, Acute 174 

v 



6 Tabic of Contents. 

PAGE 

Pharyngitis 14 

Plcuritis 108 

Pleurisy r . . . . 108 

Pleurisy, Rheumatic Ill 

Pneumonia, Primary Sporadic Lobar 93 

Pneumonia, Broncho 98 

Pneumonia, Mycotic 101 

Pneumonia, Intestinal 102 

Pneumonia, Croupous of the Ox 105 

Pneumothorax 115 

Pneumonia, Mechanical 99 

Pyothorax 115 

Rhachitis 168 

Rhinitis 71 

Roaring 81 

Rupture of the Stomach ' 43 

Scabies, Sheep . . .- ' 156 

Scabies, Psoroptic of Sheep 156 

Sheep Scabies . . . 156 

Sheep, Wool Pulling- 65 

Slobbering . 12 

Stomatitis 7 

Stomatitis, Catarrhal 7 

Stomatitis, Mycotic 9 

Sweating of Blood 148 

Tabes 162 

Thumps 55 

Traumatic Pericarditis 54 

Udder, Abscess 158 

Urethra, Hyperaeshesia 127 

Uterus, Chronic Catarrh 144 

I brticaria 146 

Vertigo 135 

Weakness of New-born i(>7 

Weakness due to Hunger 168 

\\'<>i>| Pulling in Sheep 65 



Notes on the Theory and Practice of Veter- 
inary Medicine. 



STOMATITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the mouth. 

Pathologically there are the following forms : Catar- 
rhal, ulcerative, croupous, vesicular, pustular. 

From a clinical point of view there are only three 
forms of importance. 

i — Catarrhal. 

2 — Vesicular, (sometimes called aptha). 

3 — Ulcerative, (mostly in dogs). 

Causes: — 

Anything irritating the mucous membrane sufficiently 
to cause it to become inflamed. 



Catarrhal Stomatitis. 

Aetiology: — (Causes). 

I — Traumatisms, (rough teeth, bruising while 
dressing, severe bits). 

2 — Foreign bodies, especially those lodging 

between the teeth. 

3 — Rough foods. 

4 — Chemicals, (acids, alkalies or various drugs; 

as calomel aconite, hellebore, chloral pills, 
licking blisters, etc.) 

5 — Thermic causes, such as hot drenches. 

7 



8 Xotes on 

6 — Caterpillars, (from bedding with leaves in the 

fall). 

7 — Fungi, moulds, smuts, rusts on grain and 

ergotism. 

8 — Secondary to gastro-intestinal diseases. 

Symptoms: — (First stage). 

i — Anorexia. (Loss of appetite). 

2 — Mouth shy. The animal objects to an exam- 

ination of the mouth. 

3 — The mucous membrane is dry and congested, 

(lampas). Lampas in growing horses is due 
to shedding and replacing of the temporary 
teeth by permanent teeth. 

4 — The tongue is coated. There is a prolifer- 

ation of the epithelium causing a catarrhal 
exudation, which is not readily removed by 
mechanical means. 

5 — There is a lack of saliva in mouth. The 

mouth is dry. 

6 — The odor of the mouth is sweetish, (bad 

bfeath). 
7 — Slobbering. ( Ptyalism ). 

Second stage: — 

8 — Symptoms not so pronounced and mouth is 

unduly moist. 

9 -There are local lesions, (shallow, catarrhal 

erosions on the inner surface of the lips, bars 
and frenum of the tongue | . 

Prognosis: — 

\> a rule the prognosis is good in catarrhal stomatitis. 
In most cases it is good, depending, of course, upon the 
cause. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. U 

Treatment: — 

i — Wash out mouth with some antiseptic wash. 
Creolin one per cent, safest and best. 

2 — A saturated solution of salt and vinegar. 

3 — Alum, two. per cent solution. 

4 — Tannin, one per cent solution. 

5 — Keep a bucket of water before the horse con- 

stantly, to this add one tablespoonful of borax 
or potassium chlorate. 

Mycotic Stomatitis. 

(Also called vesicular stomatitis.) 

This in an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the mouth due to fungi. In this disease there is, formed 
upon the mucous membrane of the mouth of cattle, blisters 
or vesicles. These usually heal without any trouble, but 
sometimes form ulcers, leaving a scar forming a cicatrix 
or pit. 

Occurrence: — 

This occurs quite commonly in the U. S., especially 
in the Southwest and Texas. It is usually seen during or 
after a period of drought when rains begin to come. 
It frequently visits only one neighborhood during the season, 
and appearing in another section of the country or re-ap- 
pearing in the same locality the next season. This some- 
what resembles foot and mouth disease of cattle. This dis- 
ease is neither infectious or contagious, but sporadic, while 
"foot and mouth'* disease is very contagious. Cattle kept 
on grass are the only ones affected. It is very rarely seen 
in stable cattle. Mycotic stomatitis also involves the feet. 

Causes: — 

The cause is not exactly known. It is supposed that 



10 Notes on 

the animal eats certain fungi growing' on crops, such as 
clover and rape. The fungus of rape if placed in the mouth 
of healthy cattle, will cause similar symptoms to those of 
mycotic stomatitis. Tt seems that more than one kind of 
fungus will cause these symptoms. 

Symptoms: — ( General ) . 

The symptoms are those of stomatitis and lameness. 
It affects the muzzle, skin of the neck and the udder, 
i — Stomatitis. 

2 — Sore feet. 

3 — Skin eruptions. 

Symptoms: — ( Proper) . 

1 — Anorexia. 

2 — The mouth is inflamed in the earlier stages, 

(hot, red and painful). 

3 — On the mucous membrane, gums, dental pad 

and under the tongue, well marked vesicles 
appear. These vesicles coalesce and erode, 
forming ulcers, about the size of a twenty- 
five cent piece. Occasionally by coalescence 
large ulcers occur, (as large as a dollar). 

4 — Sometimes these ulcers occur on the tongue. 

5 — These ulcers are surrounded by a line of 

demarcation, and are of a brownish color. 
The mucous membrane of this region is hard, 
dry, cracks open and becomes covered with 
scabs. 
6 — Bad breath, extremely offensive. > 

7 — There is slobbering, foamy saliva, cattle 

smack the lips and saliva flows from the 
mouth. 

8 — There is swelling and pain in the region of 

the pastern, at times the fore-feet, and again 
the hind feet. At times all four feet. It 
rarely extends higher than the carpus and tar- 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 11 

sus. The skin around the coronet is fissured. 
Between the feet there are cracks, which be- 
come affected, and as a result pus flows. 
These resemble a subcoronarv phlegmon. It 
is hard to make animals rise and they 
are very lame. The skin has eruptions and 
cracks filled with serum forming- a brown 
scab. 
9 — The animal rapidly loses flesh and becomes 
emaciated. 
10 — An increase in temperature to about 2°. 
io — Acceleration of pulse, 20 to 30 beats per 

minute. 
12 — The faeces are thin and the excrements have 
a foetid odor. 
Prognosis: — 

The prognosis is usually good, mild cases completely 
recover in a week, in severe cases the death rate is one- 
half to one per cent. Those dying usually die from com- 
plications. The animal gets down, cannot eat and is cov- 
ered with decubital ulcers. 

Differential Diagnosis: — 

This may be confused with ergotism or true foot and 
mouth disease. 

Treat me iit: — 

Take all cattle from the the pasture and put in the 
barn. Feed gruel or bran, all they will eat, and keep 
a pail of water before the animal constantlv. Put in this 
water one tablespoonful of chlorate of potash or borax. 
If cattle can be handled, wash out mouth with one per- 
cent solution of creolin. Where there is a large number 
of animals mix thoroughly two teaspoon fuls of carbolic 
acid in" each bran mash, to be fed every morning. Also 
feed medicated salt. Take ten quarts of common salt, 
pour over it eight ounces of crude carbolic acid and mix 



12 Notes on 

thoroughly. Feet should be treated with a ereolin or 
carbolic acid solution. 



SLOBBERING.— Ptyalism. 

Ptyalism does not mean anything specific. It is not a 
disease but simply a symptom. It is not due to any one 
cause. 

Causes: — 

1 — Primary. 

(i) Stomatitis, (bit, bad teeth, etc.) 

(2) Sharp teeth (large percent.) 

(3) Foreign bodies in the mouth. 

(4) Clover like forage, probably bearing 
fungi. 

2 — Secondary. 

(1) Pharyngitis. 

(2) Rabies. 

(3) Tetanus. 

(4) Milk fever. (cows). 

(5) Poison. 

(6) Drugs. 

a — Pilocarpine. 
b — Arecoline. 

c — Mercury, especially in cattle ( mer- 
curialism.) 
d — Iodine ( lodism). 
Treatment: — 

If primary give \ oz. Burdock; if not, remove the 
cause. 

Idiopathic: — 

Tliis form occurs without any known cause. It is 
usually seen in dairy cattle as a result of necrosis from 
resting the head on foot board of the stanchion. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 13 

Parotitis. 

Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid salivary 
gland and is seldom found in the horse. It is identical 
with mumps in dogs and cats. 

Aetiology: — Primary Causes: 

This disease may be traced to several causes, such as : 
i — Traumatic parotitis, due to an injury. 
2 — Primary idiopathic parotitis. This is sup- 
posed to be due to a specific infection. 

Secondary Causes: — 

i — Metastatsis. 

2 — Pyaemia. 

3 — Septicaemia. 

4 — Glanders. 

5 — Distemper. 

Parotitis in cattle is due to actynomycosis fungi gain- 
ing entrance to the gland by way of the mouth and steno's 
duct. The latter is found in cattle as a chronic inflammation 
of the salivary glands. 

Symptoms: — 

Clinically we have three forms, and all three forms 
have some symptoms in common, viz : 

1 — Swelling of the parotid gland, which is uni- 

lateral or bilateral. 

2 — In bilateral parotitis there is but one abscess. 

3 — There is stiffness of head and neck. 

4 — The head is held poked out. this makes the 

act of deglutition very hard. 

5 — The temperature is elevated from i to 2°. 

Course: 

The course is about ten da vs. 



14 Notes on 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Lymphatic abscess formation in the maxil- 
lary glands. 
2 — This disease may be diagnosed as pharyngitis. 

Treatment: 

i — Camphorated oil or antiphlogistine, exter- 
nally. 

2 — Spirits of camphor or ammonia liniment ex- 

ternally. 

3 — Internally, 

R 

Normal tincture phytolacca M 5 

Xormal tincture aconite M 2 

A I Sig: — Every two hours in a little 
water. 

4 — Feed nothing but soft feed, bran mashes, etc. 

5 — Keep clean fresh water in front of the animal 

constantly. 
6 — If the animal becomes weakened give arti- 
ficial stimulation, as strychnine, whiskey, al- 
cohol, ether, etc. 



PHARYNGITIS. 
(Sore Throat.) 

Pharyngitis very rarely occurs alone. 

Most of the cases in practice arc "Laryngo pharyngitis" 
or "Pharyngo-laryngitis", In the latter symptoms of pha- 
ryngitis predominate and in the former mainly symptoms 
of cough. This inflammation spreads by continuity, and it 
very seldom happens that one part is affected without the 
other. It may also involve the tonsils, the palate, the nasal 
passages, and the upper portion of wind pipe. The gut- 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 15 

tural pouches are very rarely affected. Pharyngitis always 
is accompanied with more or less symptoms of stomatitis. 

Causes: 

According- to the cause there are the following forms: 
i — Sporadic, non-infectious. 

2 — Infectious, this is secondary to some other 
disease. 

Causes of Sporadic: 

i — Traumatisms. 

2 — Thermic. 

3 — Chemical. 

4 — The so-called catching cold. (catarrhal) 
This occurs mostly in horses having extraor- 
dinary care and then exposed. Sudden 
changes of temperature are very inducive to 
catarrhal diseases. The inflammation may 
spread from the mouth, the nose and the lar- 
ynx to the pharynx. 

5 — From a spreading of the catarrh from other 

parts. The above conditions are usually seen 
in voting debilitated horses. 

6 — This disease may occur as a symptom in rab- 

ies, strangles, influenza, ■ purpura, glanders, 
chest plague, of horses and tuberculosis. Es- 
pecially strangles and contagious corrhyza. 

Symptoms: 

i — Anorexia. 

2 — Coughing. 

3 — The animal holds head "poked out", nose ele- 

vated. 
4 — There is a regurgitation of water and liquid- 
food through the nostrils. 

5 — There is pain on pressure over the pharynx. 

6 — There is heat and swelling over the pharynx. 



16 Notes on 

7 — Symptoms of ptyalism. 

8 — The breath is offensive, but this is not a char- 

acteristic symptom. 
9 — In sporadic there is a low temperature, while 

in the other forms the temperature is high, 

[02 to [OS F. 
EO— The pulse is rapid and weak, (cloudy swelling 

of heart ). 
i i — Respiration' as a rule is not accelerated, ! it 

may run up in complications. 

Complications: 

Laryngitis and stomatitis are usually associated with 
pharyngitis. There may be rhinitis, (inflammation of the 
nasal mucous membrane), a nasal discharge is the most 
prominent symptom of this disease. 

Course: 

The course is usually acute, the animal recovering in 
from one to two weeks. Sometimes, however, it leads to 
abscess formation in the subparotid lymph glands. This 
usually speaks for strangles. 

Results of the disease: 
( ( )utcome. ) 

i — Abscess formation in the retropharyngial 

lymph glands. ( ox.) 
2 — Thickening <^\ pharyngeal mucous membrane 
chronic dyspnoea or roaring. 

3 — Paralysis of the throat. 

4 — Foreign body pneumonia, (mechanical pneu- 
monia ). 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Foreign bodies. 
2 — Tumors, oceasionall) polypi-form in pharynx, 
Actinomvo >ma>. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 17 

3 — Parotitis, (mumps) stomatitis, glositis, ordi- 

nary ptyalism. 

4 — Strangles, (ushered in by high temperature, 

105 to 107 F. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually good. In acute cases it is 
favorable, in severe cases less favorable. Very often com- 
plications leave the animal in a worthless condition. 



Treatment: 



1 — Good care and cleanliness. 

2 — Antiphlogistine, stimulating liniments and 

blisters externally. Blister with 
R 

Pulverized cantharides oz. 1 

Pulverized euphorbia oz. 1 

Vaseline or lard oz. 8 

Heat four to five hours in water bath. 

Sig. : — Apply freely and rub in well. 

Stimulating liniment : 

3 — In the beginning of the disease one-half oz. 

fluid extract of digitalis may be given. Do 
not repeat. 
4 — In weakness give stimulants, use artificial 
stimulation. 

a) Strychnine, one grain three times daily. 

b) Alcohol, oz. 2, well diluted every three 
to four hours. 

c) Aromatic spirits of ammonia oz. 2, well 
diluted every three to four hours. 

5 — Feed bran mashes and soft food. 

6 — To regulate the bowels give one tablespoonful 

of magnesium sulphate on each feed, or one 
drachm of calomel once dailv. 



18 Xotes on 

7 — In severe cases when breathing is inter f erred 

with, it is always best to perform tracheotomy, 
as this relieves the animal and it does not 
become nervous. 

8 — Keep bucket of water before the horse at all 

times, which should contain one tablespoon- 
ful of borax or potassium chlorate. 



GASTRITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the stomach. Enteritis is 
an inflammation of the bowels. As a rule in the horse there 
is always a gastro-enteritis. Gastritis practically never oc- 
curs alone in the horse. 



Gastro-enteritis. 

There are the following forms of gastro-enteritis : 

i — Simple, usually sporadic. This is usually due 
to some irritation of the mucous membrane. 
This form is s,Qen in horses particularly. 

2 — Croupous, seen in ox especially. This leads 

to the formation of croupous membranes on 
tlie mucous membranes of the intestine. 

3 — Mycotic, this is due to poisons in preserved 

food, such a forage-poisoning from ensilage 
or some crop containing a rust, smut or mould. 
Ptomaine poisoning. 
4 — Poisoning due to over doses of drugs or eat- 
ing poisonous forage. This is termed toxic 
gastro-enteritis. 

The forms of most importance are the simple 
and mycotic. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 19 

Simple Gastroenteritis. 

Simple gastroenteritis is very frequently seen in 
horses that are working hard in hot weather, mostly city 
horses, or horses that are highly fed when in an exhausted 
condition. 

Cause: 

The cause is not accurately known. In all probability 
there is something specific, but at present this is not known. 
Fermentation is the only known cause. This is due to eat- 
ing mouldy, fermented or finely ground food. Gastro-en- 
teritis usually follows colic and may be brought on by good 
food in too large quantities or bad food that is contaminated 
with bacteria and fungi, or it may be contaminated with for- 
eign bodies. 

The food itself may contain some acrid principal. Ir- 
ritating foods or drugs. 

Climatic conditions, (hot weather and too hard work) 
especially a sudden cooling off of the body. 

Partaking of very large quantities of cold water, when 
the animal is in an overheated or exhausted condition. 

To sum up : 

Through a previous indigestion, so that the food may 
not be properly digested, drinking water that is too cold 
when exhausted. In calves hot milk may produce it. 
Frozen foods may also produce it. ( Paralysis of the bow- 
els). 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms arise in about six hours or less. This 
is a very suddenly appearing disease. Ten hours may 
elapse, but rarely, before the disease manifests itself. 

i — There. is abdominal pain, "colic", (cold ex- 
tremities). 



20 Notes on 

2 — Anorexia, (the animal refuses to eat), stands 

back from the manger, paws and is restless. 
Throws head around to the sides of the body, 
lies down, gets up, w r alks around in a circle 
(colicky pains.) 

3 — These pains come on at intervals in colic and 

in gastro-enteritis the pains are constant, no 
let up to them. 

4 — Animals lie down carefully and pains continue. 

5 — There is exhaustion or prostration, horse is 

very weak, exhausted, and holds head down. 
Eyes set, face pinched, etc. The abdomen is 
tucked up, the skin loses its vital turgor." The 
abdomen is tender on palpitation. 

6 — There is profuse sweating, the sweat rolls off 

in drops. 

7 — The sensorium is depressed, the animal does 

not notice anything. The mind is not clear. 

8 — The pulse is usually high, hard and string), 

70-90-100. 
9 — The respirations are accelerated and shallow, 

20-30. 
10 — The temperature is high, 103-105°. 
11 — The visible mucous membranes are cyanotic. 
12 — Secretions and excretions : 

a) In the earlier stages there is constipation. 

b) Later on diarrhoea, (violent peristalsis at 

this period I . 

Peristalsis all depends upon the case, suppressed as a 
rule, but in diarrhoea there is an increase in peristalsis. 
Gastro-enteritis i^> a disease, while colic is a symptom. 

Course: 

After two to six days this disease ends in collapse. 
Comatose condition and finally death. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 2i 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable, 90% die. This is a very 
fatal disease. The animals die very suddenly after an at- 
tack. These attacks do not last more than forty-eight 
hours as a rule. 

Good signs are seen in pulse and peristalsis. If pulse 
drops and loses its hard character and peristalsis begins, 
the patient improves. The two P. P.'s are a very good 
sign. Those that recover do so only after a very long 
time. Three months or six months. Very gradually. 

D titer en tial D ia gnosis : 

1 — Colic (intermittent pain). Animal throws it- 
self with some force. The belly is tucked up. 
Colic does not .prostrate the animal to the same 
degree as gastro-enteritis does, except in flat- 
ulent colic. 

2 — Poisoning, (only made by the chemist). 

3 — Mycotic gastro-enteritis. In mycotic gastro- 

enteritis there are brain and spinal cord le- 
sions. As a rule this is not confined to one 
animal. There are symptoms of paralysis r 
blindness, staggering gait, etc. 

4 — Croupous gastro-enteritis is seen mostly 111 

the ox, The symptoms are passing of croup- 
ous masses. 

5 — Peritonitis. This is usually secondary to cas- 

tration, bowel perforations. The symptoms 
are identical with gastro-enteritis. 

Post Mortem: 

1 — The stomach is diffusely reddened, the mu- 
cous membrane is swollen in folds, and there 
are hemorrhagic spots on the mucous mem- 
brane throughout the lumen of the bowel. 
The surface of the mucous membrane is 
smooth or covered with a tough, light-colored 



22 Notes on 

bloody mucous. At other times there may 
be an ulcerous surface throughout. 
2 — The bowel is very much the same. The mu- 
cous membrane is *dark red in color and cov- 
ered with a yellowish, friable deposit. The 
lymph follicles are swollen, pyers patches 
are ulcerated, and the contents of the bowel 
is usually liquid and stained with blood. The 
bowel becomes more friable than the stomach. 
In some cases the mucous membrane is swol- 
len, from one-half to one inch in thickness, 
being of a jelly like consistency. In the bow- 
els there is a fibrinous exudate. There may be 
ulcers throughout the intestine, involving all 
three coats. 
Treatment: 

In acute cases the treatment is purely symptomatic. 
Treat the symptoms, keep the animal from sufifering too 
much pain. 

i — Give morphia sulphate, six grains subcutane- 
ously. 

2 — Rest for inflamed part. Do not physic. 

3 — Chloral hydrate, one ounce. 

4 — Cannabis indica, one-half to one ounce. 

5 — Ojpittm pulyerized, twenty grains. 

In cases of exhaustion give alcohol, ounces 2, aro- 
matic spirits, ounces 2, whiskey ounces 2, or strychnine one 
grain. Fluid extract mix, half ounce. 

Sometimes the animal will have a profuse diarrhoea. 
If this docs not weaken the animal, allow it to run on. In 
cases where it affects the animal, give: 
R 

Bismuth's subnitrate, oz. -i 

Pulverized capsicum, drachm i 

Pulverized opium. drachm i 

M. f. bolus. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 23 

Sig. : — ( live at once and repeat in two hours if neces- 
sary. 

R 

Tincture Opium, oz. 2^ 

Tincture Capsicum, oz. 1 

Tincture Rhubarb, oz. ^ 

M. f. solution. 
Sig. : — Give one ounce every half hour until relieved. 
Tonic: 
R 

Pulverized mix vomica, 

Pulverized gentian, 

Pulverized columba, aa 
Sig. : — Give one tablespoonful in feed, three times 

daily. 

R 





Fluid-extract aloes, 




oz. 


2 




Fluid-extract 


columba. 




oz. 


2 




Fluid-extract 


nux vomica, 




oz. 


2 




Fluid-extract 


gentian, 




oz. 


2 




Aquae, A. D. 






O 


2 


S: 


ig. : — Give one 


tablespoonful 


on tongue ev 


er 


T1 


hours. 










K 


Fluid-extract 


columba, 




oz. 


2 




Tincture iron 


chloride. 




oz. 




Water, A. D. 






oz. 


8 



Sig. : — Give tablespoonful on tongue, every four 
hours. 
If animal recovers it is left with great digestive weak- 
ness. Give a small quantity of oats, sweet timothy hay 
and plenty of fresh water. The diet must be very carefully 
regulated. During the attacks the animal must not have 
anything to eat. - The drugs given must be carefully se- 
lected. 



24 



Notes on 



Croupous Gastro-enteritis. 

Usually seen in the ox and sheep. This disease is sub- 
acute. 

Cause: 

The exact cause is unknown, but it is supposed to be 
caused by eating some irritating body or drug. It is seen 
to occur in the spring and fall, in animals of. a lymphatic 
nature. 

Symptoms: 

i — Indigestion. 

2 — Lack of rumination. 

3 — Colicky pains. 

4 — Anorexia. 

5 — Gastric catarrh. 
• 6 — Constipation. 

7 — Foetid diarrhoea and the passing of long or 
short, yellowish croupous masses, (false mem- 
branes). 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is good in cattle, most of them recover. 
In other animals the prognosis is unfavorable. The owner 
takes these croupous masses for worms, or a portion of the 
bowels. 

Treatment: 

Simply laxative. 
R 

Pulverized mix vomica. oz. 3 

Pulverized aloes. oz. I 

Pulverized gamboge, drachms 3 

Pulverized tartar emetic, drachms 3 

Pulverized ginger. drachms 3 

Sig. : — One teaspoonful every, two hours on 
tongue until relieved. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 25 

Mycotic Gastro-enteritis. 
Forage Poisoning. 

This is evidently a poisoning from the forage itself. 

Especially preserved and conserved forages, such as : 
silage, shredded fodder, oats, millet, corn and mixed 
hay. Occasionally this forage becomes infected with bac- 
teria or fungi, which when eaten, causes or gives rise to 
both cerebral and spinal paralysis and gastro-enteritis. This 
is especially true of the horse. This is quite common in 
dairying sections from eating silage. 

Clinically there are two forms : 
i — Colic symptoms. 
2 — Nervous symptoms. 

a) Loss of consciousness. 

b) Paralysis. 
Causes: 

i — Oats, barley, corn or other grain, put away 
in silos, developing moulds. 

2 — Honey dews. This grows upon clover like 

plants, and produces nothing more than skin 
diseases. Especially of the unpigmented skin 
of nose and feet of horses. 

3 — Ergot. 

History : A number of horses are simultaneously at- 
tacked. 
Symptoms: 

i — Anorexia, stand back from feed. 

2 — Colicky symptoms. 

3 — There is foetid diarrhoea, but a stubborn con- 

stipation may be present at first. This is a 
very common symptom. 

4 — The mucous membrane is pale, showing that 

there -is a congestion of blood toward the 
bowels and the internal organs. 



26 Notes on 

5 — Nervous symptoms. 

a) Paralysis of the tongue and the pharynx. 

b) Paraphlegia. The animal is down be- 
hind and it is impossible for it to rise. 

3) Loss of consciousness. 

6 — The pulse varies from 60 to 100. The pulse 

may be paralyzed or compressed. 

7 — The respirations may be normal, to slightly 

accelerated. 

8 — The temperature is usually up, 102 to 104 . 

9 — The visible mucous membranes are pale. 

10 — These toxins of the fungi are given oft 
through the kidneys, causing nephritis. Poly- 
uria is a common symptom of mycotic gastro- 
enteritis, especially from mouldy oats. 

This disease is not an inflammation but a poisoning 
from fungi taken in with the food. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

1 — Poisoning by drugs. 

2 — Poisonous gastro-enteritis. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually good. Under proper treat- 
ment the animal usually recovers, depending, of course, 
upon the length of time before treatment. 

Treatment: 

There is no specific treatment. Remove the contents 
of the ^astro-intestinal tract. 

1 — Arecoline, one-half to one grain every six 

hours until the bowels are evacuated. Eser- 
ine may also be used in two grain doses. 

2 — Internally give creolin to kill fungi and allay 

fermentation or calomel one drachm, or so- 
dium salicylate one ounce. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 27 

3 — Artificial stimulation. 

4 — If nervous or restless give chloral, one oz. ; 
cannabis indica, half oz. 



COLIC. 

Ninety per cent of all colics are due to indigestion. 
Colic means a spasmodic pain and contraction of the intes- 
tines, especially the colon. 

Synonyms: 

Belly ache, enteralgia, botts, spasmodic colic, gripes. 
The word colic is a collective term used for a vast number 
of conditions of the stomach and bowels. The organs in- 
volved are not available for examination. Colic in the 
horse is much more common than in other animals. This 
is because a horse cannot vomit. 

In practice there are different classes of colics, 
i — True, 
2 — False. 

In true colic the lesion is in the stomach or bowels or 
both. In false colic the animals show colicky symptoms, 
arising from a diseased condition of other abdominal or- 
gans. 

i — True. 

a) Essential. 

i — A spasmodic or nervous colic. 

2 — An indigestions or overfeeding colic. 

3 — A fermentations colic, causing gas ac- 

cumulation. 

4 — Mechanical obstructions to the intestine, 

such as fecal matter, stones, coiTcrements, 
impaction of feces, etc. 

5 — Twisting and torsion of the bowels. Intus 

susception and rupture. 



28 Notes on i 

b) Symptomatic, 
i — Worms. 

2 — Poisons. 

3 — Gastrointestinal catarrh. 

4 — Peritonitis. (Wounds and injuries to 
bowel.) 

Colic is the most common internal equine disease. Of 
all the diseases that the horse suffers 35 to 40% are colics 
in city practice. 

Mortality is about 10% in colics. 

Causes: (Predisposing). 

A ) The horse is the most susceptible animal to colic 
on account of its peculiar digestive apparatus. The stomach 
is extremely small and food is not intended to lodge in it. 
It lies up near the vertebral column and even when full 
does not reach the floor of the abdomen. The stomach is 
probably not as important to the horse as to the ox. The 
gullet is implanted in the stomach, forming a figure of 
eight sphincter. This prevents vomiting, which wards off 
colic in other animals. The mesentery covering the in- 
testines is very long and allows or permits considerable 
movement. This is probably why twists and torsions are 
so common. The sensory nerve endings in the mesentery 
of the horse are very well developed, this causes great pain 
in that region. Hie nerves in the anterior mesenteric ar- 
tery form aneurisms, arteritis, etc. Emboli form, which 
lodge in the smaller vessels of the bowels and block the cir- 
culation. 

1 111 mediate ( auses: 

B) The- effect of cold weather seems to have some in- 
fluence in producing colic. Sudden change's in temperature, 
especially from dry to eold dam]) weather. 
Cj Foods and feeding. 

1 — ( iood food only causes colic when inju- 
diciously in], over-feeding, irregular feeding. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 2 ( .) 

Barley, wheat and rye are dangerous to t<v<l 
to horses. 
2 — Bad foods, such as fungus infested foods, 
badly cured hay, hay which was sanded, gas 
producing* foods. Fermentation is due to an 
acrid condition of the stomach. 

D ) Windsucking may produce colic. This is not very 
often dangerous. 

E ) Mecomium or first foetal matter of a colt becomes 
obstructed and does not pass off. Often washing out the 
rectum is sufficient. (Castor oil.) 

Summary: 

I — a) Stomach is small, oblique gullet, figure 
of eight sphincters. 

b) The great development of sensory nerves 
• ending in the bowel. 

c) Presence of strongylus armatus. 

2 — Cold and damp weather. 

3 — Foods and feeding. Feeding while exhausted. 

General Symptoms: 

i — Abdominal pain, switching of the tail, restless- 
' ness, pawing, the body is stretched out, the 
animals lie down and jump up, squat, etc. 

2 — Anorexia. (Completely.) Sometimes between 

. the spasms of spasmodic colic the animal will 
eat a little. 

3 — The animal strains as if to urinate. May pass 

a few drops of highly colored urine at times. 

4 — In many cases animal shows rectal straining 

as if to defecate. This usually speaks for an 
impaction of the floating colon. 

5 — Tympanitis. This usually appears in flatulent 

or wind colic. 



30 Notes on 

6 — The pulse varies greatly with the intensity of 

the attack in quantity and quality, but usually 
is good. 

7 — The respirations are hurried in bloating. 

8 — The temperature as a rule is normal. This is 

an unimportant symptom. A rising tempera- 
ture usually speaks for a complication, such as 
enteritis. 

9 — The visible mucous membranes are usually 

dry, pale, or bluish, sometimes they may be 

congested, 
io — Peristalsisis suppressed, from slight to total. 
ii — Very little or no feces voided. 

12 — Sweating may be noted, this may be profuse. 

Just prior to a fatal termination there is the 
cold sweat of collapse. This may run off in 
streams. Also have loss of vital turgor. The 
skin normally moves over limbs, but when 
vital turgor is gone, the skin sticks very 
tightly to the body. 

13 — Eructations and vomiting may be looked on 

as bloating of the stomach. 

14 — Toward the end of the disease there is col- 

lapse and great prostration. 

Course and Duration: 

According to the course there are the following classes 
of colic : 

1 — Acute. 

2 — Subacute and chronic. 

3 — 1 [abitual. 

An acute colic is one that usually does not last longer 
than ten to twenty hours. 

A subacute colic lasts from two to five weeks, usually 
with a remission of the attacks. There is a paralysis of the 

colon and the animal usually succumbs in last attack. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 31 

A habitual colic is one that appears from time to time 
in individuals fed rich proteid-containing food. Also when 
there are stones and concrements present in the lumen of 
the bowel. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis should always be made with care. Any 
case during its course may terminate fatally from torsion 
or rupture. If the peristalsis, especially of the right side, 
is good, we know there is no suppression or paralysis of the 
bowel. 

If the pulse is good and full there is a good chance 
for recovery. If the pulse and peristalsis are good the case 
will do good. The pulse may be looked on as the most 
favorable guide in colic. 

Complications: 

There are no deaths from plain colic. There are five 
complications which are usually fatal. 

i — Incarcerated hernia in "stallions". 

2 — A twist (torsion volvulus) or invagination, 

(intussusception) of the bowel, (telescoping). 

3 — Rupture of : 

a ) Stomach along greater curvature. 

b) Bowel, caecum or colon. 

c ) Diaphragm. 

4 — Knteritis. (most common). 
5 — Pneumonia. Often a foreign body pneumo- 
nia. 

Ruptures are mostly gastric, generally preceded by 
vomiting and eructations of a great amount of gas. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Haemoglobinuria. i Azoruria.) 

2 — Labor pains or signs of abortion. 

3 — Impaction of the rectum and floating colon in 

the last stages of pregnancy. 



32 Notes on 

4 — Retention of urine. A condition omit where- 

by the urine cannot make its escape, due to 
stricture, calculi, enlarged glands, etc. 

5 — Hyperesthesia of the urethra in geldings. 

(Burning in passing of urine.) 

6 — Incarcerated hernias in stallions. 

7 — Peritonitis, due to castration or a perforation. 
8 — Nephritis, hepatitis. 

9 — Severe lameness. 
io — Rabies, early stages. 
ii — Nervous temperament. 
12 — Oestrum. Period of heat in mares. 

Death occurs suddenly without any apparent cause 
from : 

1 — ■ Carbon dioxide poisoning. 

2 — Auto-intoxication. 

3 — Compression of lungs, causing asphyxia. 

Diagnosis: 

1 — Spasmodic colic of the horse is a condition in 

which the horse has been well taken care of, 
usually occurring- during cold and damp 
weather especially, sudden changes. The pain 
is mild, there are periods of five to fifteen min- 
utes, in which the animal shows no pain. The 
pain comes on in spasms and is somewhat 
griping. Spasmodic colic occurs in stables 
where the animal has been well kept. 

2 — Flatulent colic. The abdomen is distended 

with gas, especially on the right side. The 
absorption of this gas, causes cyanotic or blue 
discoloration of the blood. The diaphragm 
may he pressed forward and the posterior vena 
cava is compressed, causing labored breathing. 
Thus most cases die from carbon dioxide poi- 
son. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 33 

3 — Indigestion or overloading. Always inquire 
into the history. This is seen mostly in the 
country and in private families^. Without the 
history it is hard to distinguish this from a 
subacute impaction. The pains are usually 
continuous and not in spasms. The abdomen 
is pear-shaped with the base downward. There 
may be bloating at any time. As a rule in 
these cases there is a great suppression of per- 
istalsis. The effect upon the animal is quite 
severe, there is great prostration, and the body 
is covered with, sweat. This disease usually 
leads to rupture of stomach or bowel, there 
is usually some vomiting and the cold sweat 
of collapse and death. 
Treatment: 

Treat all cases of colic that need treatment. The only 
kind not to be treated are the kind that recover in from 
one to two hours. 

What to treat in colic : 

i — Suppression of peristalsis, one of the princi- 
pal things. 

2 — Tympanitis. 

3 — Reduction of incarcerations. 

The treatment of colic usually depends upon what kind 
of colic : 

1 — Indigestious colic. 

2 — Spasmodic colic. 

3 — Flatulent colic. 

i. Indigestions colic: 



I. Indigestions colic. 

In these colics the main line of treatment is to evacu- 
ate the gastrointestinal tract. The radical treatment is 



34 Notes oil 

passing the stomach tube and allowing great quantities of 
water to enter the bowel. This will usually soften the mass 
and flush out the entire gastro-intestinal tract. 

Then give some remedial agent to set up peristalsis. 
If cold water is used there is usually enough irritation to 
cause considerable peristalsis. Arecoline should be given in 
half grain doses and repeated frequently. Strychnine or 
mix vomica may be given in small oft repeated doses. 

It is very essential that animals suffering from this 
disease do not have anything to eat. Keep all food away 
from them until well, irrespective of the length of time re- 
quired. 



II. Spasmodic Colic. 

In this disease the essential treatment is to use some 
agent that will lessen the pain. Chloral may be given in 
one ounce doses, cannabis indica in half ounce. Creolin is 
probably the most effective internal anodyne, it also has 
marked antiseptic properties. It may be used in the fol- 
lowing form : 

Creolin. oz. 4 

Oil of turpentine, oz. 3 

( )il of eucalyptus, oz. 1 

( )il o\ linseed, oz. 4 

Sig. : — Give one tablespoonful on tongue every 

fifteen minutes. 

Tlie most effective treatment for this disease is the 
stomach tube. Pass the stomach tube 1 | inch garden hose) 
through the left nostril. Tour into the end of the tube two 
ounces creolin, then allow five to ten gallons of water to 
pa^s through the tube, allowing it to remain in the stomach 
a few minutes, draw off if possible and repeat, allowing 
this water to remain in ^astro-intestinal tract. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 35 

III. Flatulent Colic. 

As this is due to fermentation antiseptics are the radi- 
cal treatment. In treating this disease the stomach tube is 
found essential. It will allow the escape of gas and medic- 
inal agents may be brought into direct contact with the gas 
producing agents. Use the stomach tube as above directed. 
( )ther agents as chloral, one ounce, turpentine two ounces 
and the trochar. The trochar should be used often, but 
care should be exercised to have everything sterile and 
antiseptic. 

IV. Incarcerated Hernias. 

Many times in stallions these may be removed without 
a bloody operation. Their duction is affected by taxis and 
palpation on the rectum. Reach through the rectum and 
take hold of the incarcerated bow r el and pull it back. Put 
the animal under the influence of chloroform and open the 
external inguinal ring. 

If this operation is postponed, in a few hours necrosis 
will set in, and a fatal peritonitis follow. 

In a case of acute indigestion with diarrhoea give two 
drachms of calomel. Follow with bismuth, opium, capsi- 
cum. 

Colic in Cattle. 

This is clue to bad food, swill, slop, brewery and dis- 
tillery slop, impaction, hair balls, eating after birth, etc. 

Symptoms: 

i — The disease comes on suddenly. 

2 — The animal falls, rolls, looks around at sides, 

bellows, paws, kicks against abdomen, 
switches, has spasms of pain. 

3 — Symptoms last for hours at a time, after which 

animal appears well. 



36 Notes on 

4 — The animals act like mad, run into things, 

jump into manger, bawl, etc., (rabiform symp- 
toms). 

5 — Loss of rumination, lessening in milk secre- 

tion, and toward end general symptoms, hair 
stands on end and the animal becomes ema- 
ciated. 
Course: 

The course is five to ten days. (Long drawn out pro- 
cess.) 

Treatment: 

Arecoline one grain every six hours. 
R 

Powdered mix vomica, oz. 3 

Powdered aloes, oz. 1 

Powdered gamboge, oz. 3 

Powdered tartar emetic, oz. 3 

Powdered ginger, oz. 3 

Sig. : — Give one teaspoonful on tongue even- 
two hours until relieved. 
Give Diascorea \ oz. every hour. 

Pass a trochar into flank and flush out rumen with 
plenty of water, then give something to stimulate peristalsis. 



I \ >i.ic in Swixe. 

This is due to overfeeding, foreign bodies, worms, etc. 
Symptoms: 

1 — Restlessn< 

2 — Bowing the back. 

3 — The animals throw themselves, squeal, lie on 

the abdomen. Muscular tumors. 



Theory and Practice of V e'tcrinar" Medicine. 37 

Treatment: 

i — Calomel, one drachm doses. 
2 — Arecolirie, half grain every six hours. 
3 — Castor oil, eight ounces, once daily. 
4 — Aloin, half drachm, morning and night. 



GASTROINTESTINAL CATARRH. 

t. A catarrah is a mild inflammation of the mucous 
membrane causing it to become covered with an exudate. 
Sometimes called acute indigestion, dyspepsia, gastritis, etc. 
From a clinical standpoint there are two forms : 
i — ■ Acute. 
2 — Chronic. 
Cause: 

It is usually due to some error in diet. That is food 
or water. 

i — Food. 

i — Good food injudiciously given or bad food. 
Also good or bad water at very irregular in- 
tervals, which instead of causing colic, results 
in an inflammation of the mucous membrane 
of the intestines. 

2 — Bacteria or fungus infested foods. 

3 — Moulds do not always produce this inflamma- 

tion. 

4 — Xew oats and corn that have not gone through 

a sweat. 

5 — Earn yard water, stagnant pools and creek 

water. 

6 — Alkaline and dew licks may cause it, and are 

not fit for horses to drink from. 

7 — Frozen foods, hot foods, etc. (These usually 

lead to a paralysis.) 



38 Notes on 

2 — The horse himself may be at fault. 

a) The teeth may be rough. Especially at time 
of shedding- the food cannot be prepared for 
digestion, although it may be good food. 

b) A nervous temperament. 

c) Lack of gastric juice. 

d) Exercise too soon after a meal. 

e) Worms. 

3 — Secondary to 

a) Influenza. 

b) Strangles. 

c) Contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 

d) Purpura haemorrhagica. 



Acute Gastric Catarrh. 



Symptoms: 



It is not always possible to differentiate between 
stomach and bowel troubles. Yawning and loss of appetite 
usually point to the stomach. Colic and diarrhoea point to 
intestinal disorders. 

i — The appetite is disturbed, capricious, irregular, 
may be vitiated, causing animal to eat bedding 
and drink very little water. 

2 — Yawning, this points to the stomach. The 

animal usually prefers rough food in prefer- 
ence to grain. 

3 — Stomatitis, mucous membrane is muddy, saliva 

is foaming, odor of breath is sweetish, tongue 
coated, mucous membrane congested, later on 
ptyalism. 

4 — The abdomen is tucked up, feces are passed in 

small pellets and are covered with slimy mu- 
cous, containing much undigested food. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 39 

General Symptoms: 

5 — The animal is lazy, stupid and does not drive 

freely. 

6 — The pulse is normal. 

7 — The respirations are normal. 

8 — The temperature is normal. 

In most cases there is a gastro-intestinal catarrh. 



Acute Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh. 

Symptoms: 

i — The appetite is not much affected. 

2 — There is diarrhoea present, which causes 

thirst. 

3 — There are colicky symptoms, (pawing, strain- 

ing). 
4 — The feces are soft like cow manure, in cases 
where diarrhoea does not exist. Frequently 
coated with mucous, blood, and in rare cases 
croupous layers. The croupous layers make 
the owner think of worms. 

5 — The odor of the feces is extremely foul, very 

offensive. 

6 — There is a greenish fluid mixed with the 

excrements. 

7 — The tail and external genitals are usually 

covered with mucous. White fur-like coat- 
ing in the later stages. 

8 — The flatus is very foul. 

9 — In the later stages there is profuse diarrhoea, 

the animal becomes emaciated, weak, urine, 
is alkaline in reaction and very thick. There 
are plugs of mucous in canthi of the eyes. 



40 Notes on 

Coarse and Duration: 

Most cases where the animal is young and receives 
good care, it lasts only from seven to ten days. In bad 
cases where the diarrhoea persists,* animal becomes weak, 
hide bound, hair stands on end, the horse dies. On post 
mortem usually find ulcerative enteritis. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Gastro-enteritis. Duration shorter, symptoms 

milder. 
2 — Diarrhoea from other cause. 

Prognosis: 

, The prognosis depends upon : 
i — Youth and condition. 

2 — Sanitary surroundings. 

3 — Care which the animal receives. 



Treatment: 



r — Is largely dietetic, good hygiene. Small and 
repeated feeding of good oats, five times a 
day, not more than one quart at a feed. Also 
some nice bright corn fodder or timothy hay. 
Put water in stall and leave it there constantly. 

2 — Drugs are largely secondary. 

a) Carlsbad salts, tablespoonful three times 
daily on feed. 

b) Overloading of stomach: 

i — Calomel in drachm doses. 

2 — Hydrochloric acid in drachm doses, 

well diluted every four to five hours. 

3 — Tf there is any fermentation present 

give creolin or some intestinal anti- 
septic. 
4 — Tf the appetite is afifected give an 
aromatic tonic. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 41 



F. E. Aloes, oz. 2 

F. E. Columba, oz. 3 

Whiskey or aromatic ammonia, ounces 16 
Sig. : — Give 1 tablespoonful on tongue every three 
hours until appetite improves. 
R 

F. E. Columba, oz. 2 

Tr. Iron Chloride, oz. 2 

Whiskey or alcohol, ounces 16 

Sig. : — Give one tablespoonful on tongue every three 
hours. 
R 
Powcl. Nux. 

Gentian. 
Charcoal. 

Iron Sulphate. aa 
M. f. P. 
Sig. : — Give tablespoonful on each feed. 
Diarrhoea: 
R 

Bismuth subnitrate, oz. 4 

Pulv. Capsicum, oz. 1 

Opium, oz. 1 

M. f. pulv. no. X. 
Sig. : — Give one powder every two hours until re- 
lieved. 

2 — Rectal Injections: 

Starch water, flour water, lime water, colchicum, alum, 
tannin. Mostly combined. Creolin may also be used. 
(1 to 2%.) 

3 — Artificial Stimulation : 

1 — \\ niskey. 

2 — Alcohol. 

3 — Aromatic spirits of ammonia. 

Give the above in two-ounce doses every 6 to 8 hours. 



42 Notes on 

ChRO X I C ( I ASTROENTERIT 1 S. 

{Chronic intestinal catarrh.) 

The cause of this disease acts persistently but mildly. 
The result would be an induration or thickening* of the 
mucous membrane, accompanied by an atrophy of the diges- 
tive glands. It may come from chronic diseases of the 
lungs, liver and heart. 

Causes: 

1 — -It very frequently results from the acute. 

Especially seen in run-down, anaemic, over- 
. worked horses and those suffering from 
worms. 

2 — Dietetic mismanagement. 

3 — Wind sucking. 

4 — Teeth. 

5 — ■ Worms. 

6 — Diseases of lung, liver and heart, which would 

lead to a passive hyperaemia of mucous mem- 
brane of stomach, bowels or both. 
Symptoms: 

The animals prefer rough food to grain. This is very 
marked. 

i — Anorexia, loss of appetite or capricious ap- 
petite. The appetite is always one extreme 
or the other. 

2 — Sometimes animals will eat more than they 
can digest, which leads to an intoxication of 
the blood and venous congestion of the brain. 
Then they become dull and stupid, showing 
symptoms of vertigo or stomach staggers. 

3< — The animals may have fainting spells, due to 
indigestion, and act as though they were de- 
mented, the head is up and animals back 
around and fall down. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 43 

4 — There is a tendency to mild colics. 

5 — There is a tendency to diarrhoea, alternating 

with constipation. (This speaks for the in- 
testines.) As a rule this disease persists, and 
the animal emaciates. 
Prognosis: 

If comparatively young and the teeth good, along with 
a long course of dietetics, the prognosis is generally good. 
If. however, the disease is in the last stages, the prognosis 
is unfavorable. The animal generally ends up in cachexia 
and death. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Always make a careful examination of the 

mouth. 
2 — Examine heart and lungs for chronic lesions. 



RUPTURE OF STOMACH. 
Causes: 

This may be due to ulceration or the so-called peptic 
ulcer in calves, very rare in adult cattle. In horses it is 
usually due to a tremendous bloating or great overfilling 
with food. This causes a spontaneous rupture, due to the 
lack of a safety valve. Generally the rent is on the greater 
curvature. The. animals die in a few hours as a result of 
this disease, but may live four to six days. When they live 
so long it is usually due to the rent being filled with bowel 
or omentum. 

An indigestions colic comes on before the food can get 
out of the stomach. This causes freciuent eructations of 
gas through the oesophagus, vomiting usually occurs before 
a rupture of the stomach. 



44 Xotes on 

Symptoms: 

i — A violent attack of colic. 
2 — Peristalsis is quiet to dead. 

3 — There are symptoms of collapse in which there 

are no colic symptoms. 

4 — The body is covered with cold clammy sweat. 

5 — There is tympany and tenderness over the 

abdomen. 
6 — Prior to rupture there is great pain. 

Treatment: 

The treatment is worthless. Give a hypodermic injec- 
tion of morphine or something hypodermically to quiet the 
animal. The main thing is to prevent this condition by the 
use of a stomach tube during the stage of colic, which 
always precedes this condition. 



INDIGESTION IX CATTLE. 

Cattle very rarely have colic. Indigestion refers to 
the stomach primarily. The stomach is overfilled, cannot 
move and therefore the contents ferment. This causes either 
acid or gas to pass out of the food, this in turn causes 
bloating from gas, or inflammation of the paunch wall from 
the acid, called catarrh. This results in a stoppage of the 
peristalsis, causing a fermentation. This mass of food 
just lies there and ferments or decomposes. This goes 
over into a gastritis or enteritis. 

Indigestion: There are the following forms of indi- 
gestion in the ox : 

i Dyspepsia. (Pack of rumination.) 

2 — Acute catarrh. (Acute indigestion.) 

3 — Chronic catarrh. (Chronic indigestion.) 

4 — Overloading of paunch, impaction of paunch 

from over-feeding. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 45 

5 — Bloating, 

a) Acute. 

b) Chronic. 

6 — Traumatic indigestion, due to foreign bodies. 

BLOATING. 

Acute bloating is a sudden overfilling or distending of 
the paunch with gas. This is mostly marsh gas. This 
sudden filling forces the diaphragm forward and encroaches 
upon the lungs. This does not allow the lungs to act and 
get rid of the carbon dioxide in the blood. The large blood 
vessels above the paunch are also interfered with and 
finally there is an absorption of the gas. All of this leads to 
carbon dioxide poisoning or asphyxia. 

Causes: 

i — Feeding brewers' grain or swill. 

2 — Kitchen offals, beets, turnips and potatoes. 

3 — Clover like forage, especially when wet with 

dew, etc. 
4 — Swamp grasses. 

5 — Bloating is also a symptom of choke. 
Symptoms: 

1 — A sudden filling of the abdomen with gas. 

If tapped gives a tympanitic sound. The left 
flank is greatly distended. 

2 — The animal gets weak behind and staggers. 

The mucous membrane of the mouth is black. 

3 — The abdomen is apple shaped. 
Treatment: 

1 — Pour cold water on the distended flank. Put 

a bit in the cow's mouth and make her chew , 
it. Pull the tongue out and back, pass a 
probang, knead the abdomen. 

2 — Drugs. 



46 Xotes on 

The radical treatment is the trochar and canula and 
antiseptics internally. Puncture in the middle of the triangle 
on the left side. Point to the opposite left elbow. Put a 
wet piece of paper over end of canula, and if paper sticks 
take canula out. After allowing all of the gas to escape 
it is well to give creolin, one ounce in a quart of water. 
Aromatic spirits of ammonia four ounces, in a quart of 
water or two ounces of turpentine through the canula to 
stop fermentation and assist in the absorption of the gas. 



CHRONIC OR MILD BLOAT. 

The animal bloats every once in a while but never 
enough to require treatment. There is a chronic intermit- 5 
tent bloating usually after meals. 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms are the same as in acute bloating. 

Causes: 

Xinety per cent of these cases are due to tuberculosis. 
There may be other causes, as hair balls, tumors or ad- 
hesions of paunch to abdominal wall. 

Always make a tuberculin test before administering 
any treatment for chronic bloating. 

Prognosis: 

The immediate prognosis is good, as far as the general 

outcome is concerned it is bad, the animals are generally 
tubercular. 

Treatment: 

Give a mild laxative such as aloin in small oft-repeated 
doses. Follow this with some tonic powder on the feed. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 47 

R 

Pulverized mix vomica. 
Pulverized gentian. 
Pulverized columba. aa 
Sig.: • Give, tablespoonf ul in feed three times daily. 



[MPACTION OF PAUNCH FROM OVER FEEDING. 

This may be due to eating a large amount of con- 
densed food or the animal may have eaten a large amount 
of indigestible food of a woody or bushy nature. The 
result is an overloading or impaction of the rumen with 
a mild bloating. Generally the abdomen is pear shaped. 
The cow does not ruminate, if she does it is very feebly. 

Symptoms: 

i — The animal is languid. 

2 — At first bowels are not affected, later on there 

is constipation. 

3 Absence of milk secretion. 

4 — Show symptoms of dumbness, caused by the 
blood being heavily charged with carbon 
dioxide going to the brain as such. 

5 — Symptoms of vertigo. 

6 — Symptoms of actual congestion of the brain. 
Jump in the manger, push against the manger. 
( Rabiform.) 

7 — The muzzle becomes dry. (Feet are hot and 
v sore. This is not a constant symptom.) 

H — There is some laminitis. Walk on heels and 
stiff. 

9 — The peristalsis is either absent or very feeble. 
One can actually feel the impacted mass by 
making finger imprints in the mass, it feels 
like dough through the wall of the abdomen. 

io — History of the case IS of great importance. 



48 Notes on 



Treatment: 



Get rid of the contents of the paunch. Give emetics, 
such as tartar emetic in drachm doses. Tone up the stomach 
by use of some bitter tonic, such as : 

R Nux vomica. 
Columba. aa 
Sig. : — Give tablespoonful three times daily. 

Also take a trochar and puncture rumen and allow 
four to twelve gallons of water and two ounces of creolin, 
which has had the chill taken from it, to run into the paunch. 
Then take a rail and massage the abdomen. This should 
be followed by some hypodermic cathartic as arecoline in 
half to one grain doses. 

In cases to get relief, wdiere the above will have no 
effect, perform rumenotomy. Take out about one-half 
the contents of the rumen and put in as much water as 
possible to mechanically soften the mass. 



INDIGESTION. 

i — Dyspepsia. 

2 — Acute catarrh, (indigestion.) 

3 — Chronic catarrh. 

i — Dyspepsia: 

This is sometimes called "loss of cud," weak stomach, 
suppressed rumination, etc. 

Symptoms: 

i — The appetite and thirst are diminished. 
2 — There is lack of rumination. 
3 — Animal may ruminate, but very slovenly. 
4 — Feces are unchanged. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 49 

Prognosis: 

This lasts for a few days, and if treated the animal 
usually recovers, if neglected, will go into second stage. 
Acute catarrh or indigestion. 

Treatment: 

i — Remove feed. 

2 — Allow the animal to drink water. 

3 — One-half ounce hydrochloric acid well diluted 

with water. 

4 — One-quarter ounce of mix vomica three times 

daily. 



ACUTE CATARRH. 

This is always preceded by an overloading of the 
stomach. 

Symptoms: 

i — The appetite is gone. 

2 — Rumination is intermittent and weak. 

3 — Later on total anorexia and total suspension 

of rumination. 

4 — There is always a little thirst present. 

5 — The hollow of the flank is mildly bloated. 

6 — Paunch movements are rare or absent. 

7 — Masses of food can be felt through the paunch 

wall. 

8 — The pulse is somewhat accelerated. 

9 — The temperature is normal. 

io — The respiration depends upon amount of food 

in the paunch. 
ii — There is usually constipation, feces are harder 

and blacker than normal. 
12 — The visible mucous membranes are slightly 

congested to icteric. 

4 



50 Notes on 



Course: 



This usually begins in about twenty-four hours after 
the animal has eaten bad food. In two to three days there 
is some improvement shown by rumination. Usually re- 
covery takes place in from three to ten days. If recovery 
does not take place the abomasum is affected ; this is fol- 
lowed by gastro-enteritis. In this there is complete consti- 
pation, suppressed paunch movement, depression of the 
sensorium, the visible mucous membranes are discolored 
bluish, and the pulse is small and thread-like. 
Diagnosis: 

i- — History shows that the animal has v been fed 
a quantity of indigestible food. 

2 — This must be distinguished from traumatic 

indigestion and traumatic pericarditis. 

3 — Chronic indigestion must also be distinguished 

from this. 
5 — It is the most common of all diseases of the ox. 

Treatment: 

Attempt to start up rumination and movement of the 
paunch. Give tartar emetic in drachm doses every four 
hours. In cases of much belching give hydrochloric acid 
in half-ounce doses, well diluted. 



CHRONIC INDIGESTION. 

< Paralysis of Rumen, i 

The liquid decomposing products from the rumen pass 
into the true stomach and bowels and there set up by the 
toxic products a gastro-enteritis. Diseases that effect the 
foreparts of the gastro-intestinal tract do not affect the 

true stomach. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 51 

Symptoms: 

i — The action of the stomach is suppressed. 
( Xo paunch movement.) 

2 — ■ The feces are passed in black, hard balls, 

covered with white slime at very irregular 
intervals. 

3 — May have total constipation for three to four 

clays and then a foetid diarrhoea. 

4 — There is foetid belching, the general condi- 

tion is greatly disturbed. There is a rise in 
temperature, the warmth is unevenly dis- 
tributed over the body. There is dullness and 
weakness until cow is completely emaciated. 
The animal gets down and cannot get up, 
grits its teeth, eyes look dull, and there in an 
anxious look on face. 

5 — Later on death results. 

The disease may last for several months or may only 
last a few weeks. . 

Diagnosis: 

History of the case shows the cow has been ill for 
some time, becoming emaciated, rough hair coat. This is 
followed by absolute constipation or stinking diarrhoea, 
later on a tendency to mild bloat. This is generally very 
easy to diagnose. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

It is impossible to distinguish in life between a catarrhal 
and tubercular indigestion. It is also hard to distinguish 
from a traumatic indigestion. 

Treatment: 

Follow about the same treatment given for acute indi- 
gestion. Especially tartar emetic. Hydrochloric acid is 
advantageous for belching. If diarrhoea is offensive give 



52 Notes on 

creolin. Barium chloride can be given in one drachm doses. 
Stimulants may be indicated. 

R 

Amm. aromatic, oz. i 

Spiritus nitrosi aetheris, oz. i 

M. D. S. Give in pint of water every one to four 
hours. 

R 

Spiritus frumenti, oz. 2 

Aetheris, oz. 2 

M. D. S. In pint of water every two hours. 

Do not let the cow have anything to eat. The most 
important thing is the return of rumination. Give tonic 
powders and feed carefully. 



TRAUMATIC INDIGESTION. 

This is often a forerunner of traumatic pericarditis. 
Foreign bodies in the reticulum of cattle do not do harm 
as such, except when they set up a traumatic inflammation 
by being sharp on one end. This sharp end goes forward 
and ulcerates its way through the stomach wall, causing 
peritonitis, and adhesions of the stomach and diaphragm. 

1 — Sometimes it causes abscess in diaphragm. 

2 — Occasionally it passes to the right of the liver, 

resulting in abscess of the liver. 

3 — It may pass out below, a little to the left of 

the median line, behind the sternum, as a so- 
called cold abscess. 
4 — It may form an abscess in adjacent organs, ab- 
scess in the lungs, or an abscess in the heart. 

These foreign bodies always cause adhesive peritonitis 
by passing out of the reticulum. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 53 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms are not characteristic enough to go any 
further than suspecting it. 

i — ( Generally have an acute indigestion, which is 
only temporary and improved by treatment. 

2 — There is an intermittent temperature from 

pyaemia, caused by the abscess. 

3 — The indigestion is recurring. (Comes on 

every three or four weeks.) 

4 — The animals frequently show pain, which 

manifests itself by groaning, moaning, gnash- 
, ing of teeth. 

5 — There is stiffness in the gait, especially when 

the diaphragm is involved. 

6 — Frequently symptoms of peritonitis are seen. 

7 — Presence of irregular pulse; in most cases 

there will develop well-marked heart symptoms 
with a subsequent dropsy. 
Treatment: 

As a rule the same treatment is used as in indigestion, 
because we are not certain of what we have until after a 
post mortem. 



FORAGE POISONING OF CATTLE. 

Forage poisoning of cattle is due to the eating of 
growing foods, such as sweet corn, green apples, etc. -There 
is always an overfeeding or a paunch containing green 
fodder. Also by second growth of Kaffir corn. It is 
thought by chemists that prussic acid is present in large 
amounts, this being the cause of very sudden death. 

Symptoms: 

I — Symptoms of an acute indigestion, with 
violent diarrhoea, which is watery in character. 



54 Xotes on 

2 — There is complete loss of consciousness and 

paralysis. 

3 — The milk flow is suppressed, animals do not 

ruminate : later on the cow is down, unable 
to rise, and perfectly unconscious. A case 
of this kind looks like milk fever. 
Treatment: 

i — Stimulants. 

2 — Creolin infusions into rumen to allay fermen- 
tation. 

3 — Inflate udder with air as in milk fever. 



DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY APPA- 
RATUS. 

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS OR HEART DISEASE. 

This is caused by sharpened foreign bodies gaining 
entrance into the heart or the heart sack. According to 
the position of the foreign body, there may be epi. peri, 
myo or endo carditis. All of these may be present at the 
same time. As a rule a chronic pericarditis is the most im- 
portant and occurs most commonly. The foreign body 
may g< i to the lung and lead to a traumatic pneumonia, or 
an abscess in the pleura. 

Clinically divided into four forms: 

i — Chronic sero-fibrinous pericarditis. In this 
there is a fibrinous exudate on a serous 
membrane. 

2 — A partial or total adhesion of the pericardium 

and epicardium. Little or no serum being 
present. This is really a fibrinous pericarditis. 

3 — Traumatic abscesses in the heart. 

4 — Wounding of a heart'.- cavity or an artery. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 55 

Symptoms: 

i — Those of indigestion, suffered from time to 
time in the last months from attacks of indi- 
gestion. In these attacks the animal seems 
stiff. 

2 — The pulse is irregular, and there is stiffness 

of thorax. 

3 — The appetite and rumination are suppressed; 

there is a tendency to bloat. 

4 — The pulse is accelerated and irregular. 

5 — The temperature is about normal. 

6 — In two or three days bloating disappears, the 

animal shows difficulty and carefulness in 
getting down, and holds the body very stiff. 
Sometimes get up like a horse. The animal lies 
down and gets up stiffly and with difficulty. 

7 — Another important symptom is a venous pulse. 

The jugular veins are greatly distended and 
the pulse causes a wave like movement of the 
vein. 

8 — There is oedema under the jaw, down neck, 

on brisket in later stages of the disease. In 
most cases the heart is weak. 

9 — On auscultation and percussion : 

a) Pericardial bruits 

b) Tinkling tones. 

c) Dullness on percussion. 

io — The animal becomes very dyspnoeic, runs 
tongue out, and breathes with difficulty. 



THUMPS. 

As a rule thumps in the horse is due to palpitation of 
the heart or diaphragmatic spasms. 

Both of the above have a common symptom, which is 



56 Notes on 

a spasm-like, rhythmic movement of the thorax. Similar 
to hiccup. 



HEART PALPITATION. 



Causes: 



i — Organic heart diseases. 

2 — Valvular diseases. 

3 — Anaemia. 

4 — Atrophy or leucaemia. 

5 — These sometimes affect the heart or the blood 

flowing through it. 

6 — Nervous palpitations. 

7 — Nervous temperament, over driving, whipping, 

hanging in halter over night, severe use of 
the curb bit, etc. Cast in stall, etc. 

Symptoms: 

i — A tumultuous beating of heart. 

2 — Shaking of the thorax, pounding sound. 

3 — The pulse is increased, small and wiry. 

4 — The respirations are dyspnoeic and animal 
shows restlessness. 

5 — There is profuse sweating and tumbling. 

6 — On auscultation over back or side there may 

be heard loud thumping beats, which sound 
like some one pounding. 

7 — The characteristic of this kind of thump is, 

the heats are synchronous with the pulse. 
( I larmonv. ) 



DIAPHRAGMATIC. SPASMS. 
Aetiology: 

This most frequently follows diseases of the digestive 
tract, as colic, gastro-intestina] catarrhs, copious drinks of 
water, giving pills. It may come from palpitation of the 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 57 

heart. It is seen very rarely in cattle. It is seen most 
commonly in horses, dogs and swine. In swine in hog 
cholera and indigestion. 
Symptoms: 

i — Tumultuous beating or thumping in the left 
hypo-chondriac region, causing a shaking of 
whole body. 

2 — Respirations are short and jerky. 

3 — Electric like shocks are audible and feelable, 

especially along course of attachment of 
diaphragm. In some cases singultus will 
occur. (Hiccup.) 

The characteristic differences are in the latter. These 
thumps are not synchronous with the heart beats. In a few 
cases there seems to be a combination of the two. 

4 — The animal shows some colicky pains, refuses 

to eat or drink, stretching a leg back or for- 
ward, rarely lying down. There may be 
symptoms of spasmodic colic with these beats. 
Duration: 

One-half to one to four days, with recovery. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is not so very unfavorable. Thirty- 
three and one-third per cent, death rate, depending on the 
cause. 

Treatment: 

Anti-spasmodics : 

Morphia sulphate, 3 to 6 grains, subcutaneously 
Potassium bromide, 1 to 2 ounces. 
Chloral hydrate, 1 ounce. 

Applv ice bags over heart region. Use of liniments- 
and blankets. 

In the spring in large, phlegmatic horses that are fat 
and soft, venous exudum is indicated. (Phlebotomy.) 



58 



Notes on 



ACUTE ENDO-CARDITIS. 



In this condition the lining membrane of the heart 
is inflamed. Especially the foldings and valves. It is seen 
in horses and cattle, and not as rarely as we may think. It 
is very frequently confused with pulmonary diseases. 
Cause: 

Some irritant contained in the blood stream. 

Aetiology: 

This disease is a true pyaemia. 
i — Horse: Due to pyaemia. 

Pyaemia is seen in contagious pleuro-pneumonia, in 
pneumonia, founder, strangles and septicaemia. 

2 — Ox: 

Pyaemia occurs 'after obstetrical operations, parturition, 
rheumatism, puerperal fever or metritis. 

Post Mortem: 

In mild cases the free borders of the valves, chords 
and papillae contain nodules of a whitish grey color, about 
the size of a hemp seed. By several of these nodules be- 
coming confluent and covered with a layer of fibrin, there 
is a formation of a cauliflower node, spoken of as a wart- 
like endo-carditis. These do not permit the valves to close. 
In some cases the endo-cardium is swollen, turbid and 
covered with hacmorrhagic spots. On the parietal portions 
there are well-marked ulcers, spoken of as "ulcerative endo- 
carditis". Accompanying this there is a secondary abscess 
formation and pyaemia. 

Syuiptoms: 

i — Thumps, tumultuous heart beat. 

2 — Very rapid, weak and intermittent pulse. 

3 — The heart beat, 160 per minute. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 59 

4 — The respiration is 70 per minute. Very dys- 

pnoeic. 

5 — There usually is fever accompanying this 

condition, loss of appetite, thirst and consti- 
pation. 

6 — The temperature may be from 105 to 106. 

7 — The general appearance of the animal is very 

bad, languid, periodically colicky pains and 
great weakness. 

8 — Heart bruits mav„ be heard. 



ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART. 

In this condition the heart has become abnormally 
greater in size. 

Two classes: 

1 — Hypertrophy, enlargement with a thickening of 

its walls. 

2 — Dilation, and enlargement of the heart in which 

there is an enlargement of its cavities. The walls 

may even be thinner than normal. 

1 — Hypertrophy is spoken of as eccentric and 

concentric. In eccentric the cavities are also 

enlarged. In concentric the cavities are made 

smaller. 
2 — A partial hypertrophy is where one portion 

of the heart is hypertrophic. 
3 — Diffuse hypertrophy is where the whole heart 

becomes hypertrophic. 

Hypertrophy is usually partial and on the left side of 
the heart. Dilation usually occurs on the right side. Hyper- 
trophy may reach as .high as thirty-nine pounds. The walls 
may be thicker than normal. 






60 Notes on 

Causes: 

i — ( )ver-exertion in nervous horses. 

2 — Anything interfering with circulation of the 

blood. 

a) Arterial stenosis, (anywhere). 

b) Thrombi. 

c) Valvular disease. 

(1) Lung thickenings. (Due to disease). 

e) Emphysema of lungs, (heavy). 

f) Pericarditis. 

g) Chronic nephritis, 
h) Anaemia. 

3 — Any heart disease. 

PANTING. 

This is due to diseases of the lungs or diseases of the 
heart. 

The most common lung disease which causes this 
trouble is chronic bronchial catarrh, or some chronic incur- 
able disease. This disease usually occurs in old • horses. 
Sometimes it follows or accompanies bronchiectasis, atelec- 
tasis, chronic induration, peri-bronchitis and emphysema. 
The bronchi are supposed to be in a state of contraction or 
the lumen is filled up and it is impossible for the animal to 
breathe. 

The commonest diseases of the heart are a compensa- 
tory hypertrophy, with a leakage of the valves, dilation or 
some valvular defect. 

Symptoms: 

i — The main symptom is an extremely rapid 
breathing accompanied with more or less dysp- 
noea. The breathing may -be as rapid as 50 
to 60 per minute. In these cases the breath- 
ing is always very shallow. 



Course: 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 61 

2 — The respirations are always more or less la- 

bored and as a rule there is inspiratory a> 
well as expiratory dyspnoea. 

3 — This disease is usually accompanied with a 

cough of various intensity. 

4 — The pulse is also very rapid and weak. 

i — Chronic. It usually grows worse until death 
ensues. 



Treatment: 

i — Arsenic in the following form : 
R Arsenious acid. 

Potassium Carbonate, aa oz. 2 

Water, A. D. 

Heat until thoroughly in solution. 
Sig. : — Give tablespoonful on each feed. 

2 — Heroin, 1 / 12 gr. every three or four hours. 

3 — Phlebo tomy. 

4 — Strychnine, i gr. three times daily. 

5 — Large doses of Xux, \ to I oz. of fluid extract. 

6 — Give as little water to drink as possible. 

DISEASES OF THE APPETITE. 

There are two common diseases of the appetite, these 
are : 

1 — Licking disea- 

2 — Wool pulling. 

Licking disease is a specific disease in which the animal 
has a very great and irresistible desire to lick all manner 
of foreign bodies, and in some cases eats them. This oc- 
curs mostly among cattle, horses, goats and swine. The 
disease is chronic and this ingestion of foreign bodies leads 
to digestive disturbances, cachexia and eventually death. 



62 Notes on 

Causes: 

Aetiology. 

i — The most important is the natural desire for 
some of the salts of minerals which the animal 
does not receive in the food. It may be due 
to a change in food or improper food, but this 
is very hard to prove. One thing is positive, 
there is an abnormal condition of the body, 
and certainly this must be accompanied by an 
abnormal appetite. 

2 — In some cases it is due entirely to intestinal 

disorders, in other cases the animals are 
healthy, fat, well cared for, but for this, they 
contract this disease, become cachetic and die. 

3 — Chronic dyspepsia, or chronic catarrh are the 

most common forms. These do not appear in 
a very severe form.* It is hard to recognize by 
external symptoms. Or there may be some 
kind of gastro-intestinal infection present. 

4 — It may appear as a nervous disease. Some 

authorities state that it is a disease affecting 
the nerve endings in the stomach, mouth and 
bowels. These confer a wrong sensation to 
the brain causing this depraved appetite. 

5 — Forming the habit from seeing other animals 

do it. This, however, is very doubtful. 

6 — bad stables, poor ventilation, and filth are 

causative -factors. 

7 — Irregular feeding and load care. 

Occurrence: 

I — This disease appears sporadic and enzootic. 

2 — ■ In some localities it is stationary. 

3 — In some places it is impossible to raise calves 

as a result of this disease. 
4 — ft appears mostly in well bred cattle and es- 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 63 

pecially in heavy milk cows. Oxen are sel- 
dom affected. 

5 — This disease frequently occurs during the suck- 

ing period of calves. 

6 — Feed does not seem to alter this condition any. 

Symptoms: 

i — No temperature in first stages. 

2 — Temperature in second stage. 

3 — The appetite is either slightly depressed or 

animal will eat slowly. 

4 — Rumination slow, eventually suspended. 

5 — Appetite alternating, finally none. 

6 — If the animals have good food, they will eat 

the bedding, or if in the open they will eat 
young trees or grass. 

7 — If dairy or confined cattle they have a mania 

for licking the clothing of attendants, walls of 
stalls, try to eat feces, or anything that is ab- 
normal. 

8 — Later on nervous symptoms appear, the animal 

is easily scared and is flighty. 

9 — The milk secretion is lessened. 

io — The faeces are very dry and hard, they may 

be covered with mucous. 
ii — Urination suppressed. 

12 — The temperature at this stage is elevated. 

13 — The pulse is small and weak. 

14 — There are general symptoms as falling off in 

flesh, the mucous membrane is pale, the hair 
is lusterless and the skin becomes lifeless and 
is dead. 

15 — The animal dies of inanition. 

Course: 

The course of this disease is always chronic, it may ex- 
tend over several months. A change of feed, location and 



64 Xotcs on 

of stable may hasten recovery. As a rule this disease lasts 
from one to three months. 

Prognosis: 

i — If there is general emaciation and marasmus 
with secondary digestive disturbance, the prog- 
nosis is unfavorable. 

2 — If the animal has a change of feed and the 
appetite re-appears, and the disease is not too 
far advanced, the prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Prophylaxis. 

2 — Change of feed, location and care. 

3 — Give animal plenty of salt. 

4 — Carlsbad salts on feed. 

5 — Apomorphine, (gives best results), half to one 

grain doses. 

6 — Oil of tar or stinking oils on places where 

animals lick. 



LICKING DISEASE IN HORSES. 

This disease occurs most commonly among horses. 
This seems to occur sporadically and the symptoms are very 
mild. It usually occurs in the form of gastric disturbances 
and yields to treatment very readily. 

Symptoms: 

i — Licking and chewing foreign bodies. 

2 — Sometimes the animal will lick its own body 

or skin, eat feces and straw soaked in liquid 
around stall. 

3 — There is constant falling off in flesh and cach- 

exia. 

4 — The animals may acquire a special habit such 

as eating sand. etc. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 65 

Treatment: 

The treatment is the same as for licking- disease in cat- 
tle. 

EATING THE AFTER-BIRTH. 

This disease occurs most frequently in cows or sows. 
It seems to be a disturbance of the brain, causing this in- 
nate desire or depravation. It may be a digestive disturb- 
ance in some cases. 

Treatment: 

i — Calomel in one drachm doses. 

2 — Tartar emetic in one drachm doses. 

WOOL PULLING OF SHEEP. 

Wool pulling or wool eating is very similar to licking 
disease of cattle. Some sheep contract the disease bv mim- 
icking. This seems to be the one most important cause. 
It usually starts with one sheep, then the rest follow and 
soon the entire herd is affected. If contracted by habit from 
some other animal it may be isolated and soon this habit will 
leave. 

It also appears as a disease of malnutrition and one in 
which there seems to be something lacking in the food. 
It is often seen where too much starchy food is fed and the 
ration is not properly balanced. 

Occurrence: 

1 — This disease occurs mostly in Merinos of mid- 

dle age. 

2 — It is seen mostly when sheep are housed in 

the winter and fall months. 

3 — It will appear in from eight to fourteen days 

after sheep are put in for the winter. 
5 



J\ otcs on 

Symptoms: 

i — Iri lambs this comes on in from two to four 
weeks. 

2 — They begin to pull the wool off from the 

mother around the udder and the belly. 

3 — This does not seem to affect the appetite and 

lambs grow and do well. 
4' — Yearlings begin by pulling the wool of others 

as though it were hunting for food. 
5 — There does not seem to be any general symp- 
toms accompanying this disease as the sheep 
stay well and the appetite is good. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Apomorphine, half to one grain. 

2 — Salt. 

3 — Stomachics, and tonics. 

4 — Alkaline agents and salts. 



ACUTE NASAL CATARRH. 



Causes: 



(Corhysa, "cold in head".) 

i — Primary. The so-called catching cold, (in fall 
and spring). Sluggish animals are especially 
predisposed to this disease. There may also 
be an irritation with a direct or indirect in- 
jury to the lower part of nasal mucous mem- 
brane. Irritating substances may also be in- 
haled, such as smoke, bacteria, pollen, or the 
entrance of pus cocci into the nostril. 

2 — Secondary. It may appear as a symptom of 
some other disease or it may accompany in- 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 67 

fectious diseases of the respiratory tract, or 
it may come on from a catarrhal condition of 
the pharynx or larynx. 

Symptoms: 

i — There is hyperaemia of nasal mucous mem- 
brane, (reddened). 

2 — There is congestion and dryness of the nasal 

mucous membrane. 

3 — The experium is a little warmer than normal. 

4 — The main symptom is a nasal discharge, this 

may be serous, mucous, or mucilaginous. In 
mild cases this discharge is of a watery con- 
sistency, (serous). 

5 — The animal sneezes and as a rule the nostrils 

are covered with crusts. 

6 — The submaxillary lymph glands are slightly 

swollen. 

7 — This is a feverless disease. 
Course: 

The course of this disease is from eight to fourteen 
days. This disease is not accompanied with general symp- 
toms and when it is the course is longer. If the inflamma- 
tion affects the tear duct the eyes become involved. Symp- 
toms of conjunctivitis. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is always good. 

Treatment: 

i — Treat the owner, let the animal alone. Give 
Carlsbad salts, bran mashes, and gentle exer- 
cise. 
• 2 — Let the owner steam the animal. 

3 — Give mix vomica or gentian. 

4 — Xature will bring about good results if left 

alone. 



68 Notes on 

CHROXIC XASAL CATARRH OF THE HORSE. 

Forms: 

i — Primary chronic. 
2 — Secondary chronic. 

Causes: 

If the acute inflammation spreads to adjoining parts, 
involving the turbinated bones and the sinuses or posterior 
nares they may be a chronic catarrh set up. 

Chronic nasal catarrh may also be caused by freezing 
the mucous membranes. 

The secondary form is the most important. 

In this disease the discharge may be unilateral or bi- 
lateral. Glanders is the most important cause. It quite 
often happens that the discharge assumes the nature of a 
chronic nasal discharge. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — In glanders there is no odor attached to the 
discharge. It is oily, sticky and clear. 

2 — Empyaemia of the sinuses. This can be diag- 

nosed by percussion. 

3 — Ulceration of the mucous membrane of the 

nasal chambers. This is due to parasites. 
4 — Necrosis of the nasal mucous membrane. 

5 — Foreign bodies in the air passages. 

6 — Chronic diseases of the respiratory tract. 

7 — Chronic constitutional diseases, such as anae- 

mia and leucaemia. 

Symptoms: 

i — The nasal mucous membrane is pale and cy- 
anotic. 

2 — When the disease is long drawn out there is a 
thickening G f the mucous membrane and small 
ulcers arc very prominent. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 69 

3 — The nasal discharge has a glossy, shiny ap- 

pearance. This may he mucous or resemble 
pus. The diseased nostril is covered with a 

brown scab. 

4 — There is a lack of pigment on the upper lip 

where the nasal discharge has passed over. 

5 — When the animal has its head in a lowered 

position, there is a copious discharge. 

6 — A unilateral discharge should be looked upon 

as quite a serious symptom, indicating gland- 
ers, tumors, foreign bodies, or necrotic lesions 
of a tooth. Empyaemia of the sinuses. 

7 — There is swelling and induration of the sub- 

maxillary glands, (cold and painless). 

8 — If the diseased process is long drawn out, it 

may lead to ulceration. These must not be 
mistaken for glander scars. 
Course: 

The course is weeks, months and even years. 

Treatment: 

i — Steaming with tar and turpentine. 

2 — Tonics, internally. 

a) Fowler's solution. 

b) Donovin's solution. 

c) Nux vomica. 

3 — Astringent lotions, injected high up into na- 

sal cavity. 

a ) Bichloride and alcohol. I 15. 

b ) Alum, tannin, zinc sulphate. 

XASAL CATARRH IX SHEEP. 

Also known as : 

1 — Glanders. 

2 — Malignant catarrhal fever. 



70 Notes on 

There are two kinds : 

i — Simple acute. 
2 — Simple chronic. 

Xasal catarrh in sheep is so rare that it is very seldom 
mentioned. It occurs most commonly in spring or fall after 
shearing. 

Symptoms: 

i — Xasal discharge. 

2 — Sneezing. 

3 — The respirations sound like wheezing. 



CHRONIC XASAL CATARRH. 

This comes from the acute form in young or emaciated 
animals. In this form the prognosis is not always favorable. 

Symptoms'; 

1 — A muco-purulent nasal discharge. 

2 — The nostrils are blocked with crusts, which 

may cause suffocation. 

3 — The appetite and general condition of the 

animal are rarelv affected. 



RHINITIS. 

Rhinitis is an intense inflammation of the mucous 
glands and subcutaneous glands around the nostrils. 

Kinds of Rhinitis : 

i — Follicular. 

2 — Croupous. 

3 — Diphtheritic. 

Follicular rhinitis occurs in epizootic form and is sup- 
posed to be a contagious disease. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 71 

Symptoms: 

i — An acute nasal catarrh. 

2 — The mucous membrane on the septum nasi is 

markedly inflamed. 

3 — The surface of the mucous membrane and 

skin becomes very rough. 

4 — The swollen glands terminate by the forma- 

tion of nodules, which break and leave ulcers. 
The ulcers heal without a scar. 

The result is a thickening of the lymphatics. 
Course: 

The course is two weeks. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 
Treatment: 

i — Such ointments as camphor, iodoform and 
creolin. 

2 — Steaming. 

3 — The ulcers may be touched up with a silver 

nitrate stick. 



EPISTAXIS. 

Epistaxis is a symptom, and not a disease. It occurs 
in all animals but mainly in the horse. 
Causes: 

i — Traumatic injury. 

2 — Hyperaemia and inflammation of the nasal 

mucous membrane. 

3 — Xew growths, ulcers, fibromas, or sarcomas. 

4 — Abnormal blood tension, following violent ex- 

ertion. 

5 — General or chronic constitutional diseases. A 

habitual nosebleed is a symptom of glanders. 



72 Notes on 

Symptoms: 

i — Pure blood oozing from the nose usually from 
one nostril. 

2 — In this .disease the blood comes from the nos- 
trils in a normal condition, and does not clot 
until it strikes the ground. In haemorrhage 
from the nose the blood is normal. In haem- 
orrhage from the lungs the blood is frothy and 
partly coagulated. 

Treatment: 

1 — Tt will quit by itself if let alone. 

2 — Use 16% solution of perchloride of iron, in- 

ject into nostril. 

3 — 3 r /v solution of alum or creoline in the nostril. 
4 — In rare cases it may be necessary to plug the 

nostrils with cotton. In doing this always tie 
a string to each piece of cotton, so that it may 
be removed without difficulty. 



DISEASES OF THE LARYNX. 

There are the following common diseases of the larynx : 

i — Laryngitis. 

2 — ( )edema of the Glottis. 

3 — I [emiphlegia Laryngis — roaring. 

These diseases arise primarily or they may come from 
the inflammation spreading from other parts. 



LARYNGITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the larynx. There are the following kinds from a patho- 
logical standpoint : 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 73 

i — Catarrhal. 

2 — Phlegmonous. 

3 — Croupous. 

4 — Diphtheritic. 

5 — Ulcerative. 

According to the cause there are the following kinds : 
i — Traumatic. 

2 — Rheumatic. 

3 — Infectious. 

4 — Tubercular. 

5 — Glanderous. 

6 — Symptomatic. • • 

According" to the course : 
i — Acute. 
2 — Chronic, 

From a clinical standpoint we have the following com- 
mon forms : 

i — Acute catarrh of the larynx. 

2 — Chronic catarrh of the larynx. 

3 — Croupous laryngitis. 

4 — Diphtheritic laryngitis. 



ACUTE CATARRHAL LARYNGITIS. 
Occurrence: 

This disease occurs in horses and dogs, but it is more 
common in the dog than in the horse. 

Aetiology: 

Primary or sporadic. 

i — The so-called catching cold. 

2 — ■ Inhalations of cold air. 

3 — Drinking of cold water. 

4 — Sudden chilling of the body when hot. 



74 Notes on 

5 — It is seen in the fall and spring in an epi- 

dermic form. 

6 — Traumatisms and chemicals. 

7 — Irritations by foreign bodies on the mucous 

membrane, as smoke, steam and sulphur 
fumes. 
It is seen secondarily : 

i — As a symptom of some chronic constitutional 
disease, or a chronic disease of the respiratory 
tract, as glanders, distemper, contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia or chest plague. 

2 — From an extension of the catarrhal process 
from neighboring parts. 
Symptoms: 

i — The main symptom is cough. This cough is 
dry and harsh at first, later on it becomes 
moist. This cough is very painful and short 
and occurs in fits of coughing or coughing 
spells. 

2 — Later on this cough becomes very moist and 

mucous is thrown out with it. 

3 — The coughing is increased by feeding, water- 

ing, or taking the animal from the barn into 
the open air or by exciting the animal. 
4 — On compressing the larnyx from the outside 
coughing spells are brought on, by trying this 
often paroxysms of coughing arc brought on. 

5 — There is considerable dyspnoea on account of 

the swelling of the mucous membrane. 

6 — . When this dyspnoea is pronounced, stenotic 

tones may be heard, such as roaring, rattling, 
whistling. 

7 — Horse holds the head somewhat elevated. 

8 — As a rule there is a spread of the inflamma- 
tion, causing pharyngitis, bronchitis, rhinitis 
or acute nasal catarrh. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 75 

9 — There is anorexia and difficulty in swallowing, 
the mucous membrane is congested and dry. 
nasal discharge and in some cases there is 
a little fever. A high fever accompanying 
this disease indicates some infectious disease. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Pneumonia. 

2 — Bronchitis. 

3 — Pharyngitis. 
4 — Pleuritis, 

5 — Other forms of pharyngitis. 



Treatment: 



i — ■ Good nursing and care. 

2 — Steaming. 

3 — Calomel in feed, give one drachm in bran 

mash. 

4 — Carlsbad salts on food to keep bowels open. 

Bran mashes and soft feed. 

5 — Cough. 

R 

Ammonium chloride, 2 pounds. 
Tartar emetic, \ pound. 
Water A. D., i gallon. 
Sig. : — Give one tablespoonful on each feed. 

6 — Antiphlogistine or Presnitz pack applied ex- 

ternally over region of larynx. 

R 

Balsam of Fir I oz. 

Glycerine, 

Whiskey, aa Q. S. A. D., oz. 8. 

Sig.: — Give one ounce every four hours in se- 
vere coughing. 



Xotcs on 



CHRONIC LARYXEAL CATARRH. 

This occurs most commonly in horses and dogs. It 
comes on in the fall and spring. 

Causes: 

i — The so-called catching cold. 

2 — Ft usually remains from acute cases that were 

not properly treated. 
3 — It may result from an infectious disease of the 

respiratory tract, such as distemper. 

4 — There may be an ulceration of the mucous 

membrane. 

5 — There may be a new growth, tumor, sarcoma, 

etc., in the larynx giving rise to such symp- 
toms. 
Pathological changes in the mucous membrane of the 
larynx. 

1 — Mucous membrane becomes thickened, con- 

gested and covered with serum. 

2 — There are ulcers on the mucous membrane 

surrounded by chronic induration or thicken- 
ing. 

Symptoms: 

i — The cough is long, dry and harsh. 

2 — This cough is accompanied by a peculiar ste- 
notic sound. 

3 — Coughing is noticed mostly in the morning, 
( early). 

4 — Coughing may be induced by pressure over 
larynx, the animal very rarely coughs more 
than once. 
Course: 

This is a long drawn out process, lasting months and 
in s< >me cases \ ears. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 77 

Treatment: 

i — Blisters or stimulating liniment- externally in 

gion oi larynx. 
2 — General tonics internally, arsenic in form of 

Fowler's solution, F. F. Xnx and Iron. 

lumha and Iron. 
3 — Injection of Lugol's solution into the larynx 

directly. 
4 — Cough mixtures. 

i — Glyco-Heroin (Smith's! in i to i oz. 
- - every three or four hour-. 

R 

2 — Aiimi. chloride. Oz. 8 

Tartaric emetic. i >z. | 

Water A. D.. O 2 

5ig^: — Give tablespoonful on tongue 

every three hours. 

R 
3 — Balsam of fir, oz. i 

Whiskey, 
Glycerine, aa A. D. oz. x 

Sig. : — Give one-half ounce on tongue 

every four hours. 

R 
4 — F. E. Verba Santa. 2 

F. F. Elecampane, oz. 2 

F. F. Squills, . 1 

Heroin. 

cerine, ( >. 2 

Aqua, aa O. 4 

M. f. solution. 

S g. : — 1 iive one ounce every four or five 
ho« 



78 Notes on 



CROUPOUS LARYNGITIS. 

Angina of Larynx. Larynx Angina. 

This disease occurs most commonly in the ox. It may 
also occur in the horse and dog. 

Causes: 

i — The so-called catching cold. 

2 — Sudden changes of temperature. 

3 — Turning animals out at night that are not ac- 

customed to it. 

4 — Traumatisms, ( external ) . 

5 — Warm air, steam, hot drenches. 

6 — This sometimes appears as an infectious dis- 
ease in enzootic form. 

7 — It may occur as a symptom of an infectious 
disease, as Petechial fever or acute glanders. 

Pathological conditions: 

i — The mucous membrane is covered with croup- 
ous layers. These are small at first, later on 
they become confluent and larger. 

2 — The mucous membrane is haemorrhagic, hy- 
peraemic and infiltrated with serum. Some- 
times there is an infection and then there is 
suppuration. 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms appear very suddenly. 

i — This disease is usually ushered in with a chill, 
high temperature and general disturbances. 

2 — Coughing and severe dyspnoea. 

3 — In breathing there is a peculiar opening of the 

nostrils, (trumpet shaped) opening the mouth 

stretching of the head. 
4 — Severe ptyalism. 
5 — The cutaneous veins are filled with blood. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 1% 

6 — Animals are usually dyspnoeic, there may be 

whistling, roaring, rattling, snoring or any 
stenotic sound. 

7 — If the symptoms have a tendency to develop 

rapidly, death may take place by asphyxiation. 

8 — After three to five days these false or diph- 

theritic membranes are coughed out through 
the nostrils. 

9 — There are such general symptoms as consti- 

pation, anorexia, and depressed sensorium. 

Complications: 

i — Tracheitis. 

2 — Bronchitis. 

3 — Croupous Pneumonia. 

4 — Emphysema. 

5 — Oedema. 

6 — Foreign Body Pneumonia. / 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is always grave, and should be made 
with care. Mortality is about 25%. 

Treatment: 

1 — Tracheotomy. 

2 — Blisters and liniments externally in region of 

larynx. 

3 — Aconite and phytolacca. 

R 

Phytolacca, (Sp.) M. 5 

Aconite, (Sp.) M. 2 

Sig. : — (live every two hours until relieved. 

4 — Antiphlogistine and Presnitz packs externally. 

5 — Calomel and Carlsbad's salts on bran mashes. 

6 — Steaming. 



80 Notes on 



OEDEMA OF THE GLOTTIS. 

This is a sudden oedematous swelling of the submu- 
cosa and submucous connective tissues. This may be serous, 
suppurative or phlegmonous. 

Causes: 

i — Intertracheal injections of rapid purgatives or 
any alcoholic injection intertracheally. 

2 — It may occur primarily from the so-called 

catching cold or from any irritation, such as 
inhalation of chloroform. 

3 — Sudden changes in temperature, etc. 

4 — From the spread of an oedema from a neigh- 

boring part. 

5 — It may appear as a symptom in infectious 

diseases such as black leg, glanders, purpura, 
cow pox, pneumonia, or pyaemia. 

6 — It is sometimes known to occur in severe cases 
of pharyngitis. 

7 — It may occur as a strangulation from com- 
pression of the jugulars. 

Pathological Changes: 

i — This usually affects only the upper part of the 
larynx and vocal chords. 

2 — The mucous membrane is in thick, swollen, 

and oedematous folds. 

3 — The mucous membrane is covered over with a 

slimy exudate. 

4 — The posterior part of the pharynx, the base 

of the tongue and the oesophagus are also af- 
fected. 

Symptoms: 

This disease appears very suddenly. In a very few 

minutes. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 81 

i — A very high grade dyspnoea, which leads rap- 
idly to death. 

2 — Animals show great anxiety. 

3 — Stenotic tones are very prominent as a result 
. of dyspnoea. 

4 — The animals break out in sweat. 

5 — The mucous membrane becomes cyanotic, and 

the eyes are protruded. 

Differential Diagnosis: 
Croupous laryngitis. 

Treatment: 

i — Tracheotomy as rapidly as possible. 

2 — External treatment is only of service after 

tracheotomy. Blisters and liniments exter- 
nally. 

3 — Bleed animal, (phlebotomy) . 

ROARING. 

This usually consists in a paralysis of the left vocal 
chord. This eventually leads to an atrophic condition of the 
ligamentous attachment, with the result tha't the left aryte- 
noid cartilage hangs in the lumen of the larynx. From 
this the vocal chord is stretched and at every inspiration the 
chord is vibrated. The old theory was that the sound was 
caused by the arytenoid, but recently it has been developed 
tha it was the vocal chord. 

Occurrence: 

This disease occurs in young horses as a rule. It 
comes on mostly between the ages of three and six. Thor- 
oughbreds and half breeds are most commonly affected. 
Mares are practically never affected, but stallions and geld- 
ings most commonly. This disease is found all over the 
6 - 



82 



Notes on 



world and not only in certain localities, but may be traced 
to a certain sire. There is a great deal of heredity about 
this disease. 

Cause: 

The specific cause of this disease is unknown. The 
anatomical construction of the horse seems to predispose to 
this disease. Horses with long thin necks and a high throat 
latch seem to be somewhat predisposed to this disease. It 
is supposed to follow certain infectious diseases, as 
strangles, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and influenza are 
often followed by roaring. It is sometimes seen as a symp- 
tom in acute cases of glanders and angina of the larynx. 
Sometimes seen in various poisonings, such as acute lead 
poisoning, aconite and various plant poisonings, compres- 
sion of the recurrent nerve by a tumor, new growth or ab- 
scess. 

.Anatomical Changes: 

The muscles of the left arytenoid cartilage become 
atrophic and pale in color. This can be felt from the out- 
side of the body. 
Symptoms: 

i — Tlie main symptom is inspiratory dyspnoea. 
2 — This may become so severe .that it can be 

heard, while the animal is standing at rest. 
3 — It is usually heard when moving the animal. 

4 — This stenotic tone can be anything from rat- 

tling to roaring like a bull. 

5 — The nostrils are widely dilated and are trum- 

pet shaped. 
6 — Mild cases can usually be detected by walking 
ni the stall along side of the horse and giving 
him a sudden unexpected slap. This will 
make him roar suddenly. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 83 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Stenosis of nasal cavity. 

2 — Tumors in larynx, trachea, bronchi. 

3 — Cysts in nasal cavity. 

4 — Chronic induration of the guttural pouches 

causing thickening. 

5 — New formations. 

Treatment: 

i — Surgical. 

2 — Arsenic and potassium iodide are of doubtful 

value. 

3 — Strychnine in one grain doses hypodermically. 



ACUTE BRONCHITIS. 

Acute Bronchial Catarrh. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the bronchi. According to the course, cause, and patho- 
logical condition there are the following kinds : 

According to the course: 
i — Acute. 
2 — Chronic-. 

Pathologically: 

t — Catarrhal. 

2 — Croupous. 

3 — Serous. 

4 — Mucoid. 

5 — Suppurative. 

6 — Necrotic. 

According to the cause: 
i — Traumatic. 
2 — Verminous. 



8 1 Notes on x 

3 — Mycotic, 

4 — Infectious. 

5 — Glanderous. 

6 Tubercular, 

. [etiology: 

I— Certain predisposing causes as young age, 

weak constitution, poor nutrition, or when 
kept in too warm barns and then suddenly ex- 
posed to colds, 

2 — The so-called catching cold, 

3 — The inhalation of steam, smoke, dust or for- 

eign bodies, cold damp weather, sudden 

changeable weather. 

4 — This disease is seen mostly in the spring and 

fall, 

5 — Mechanical irritation, such as drenching when 

the head is too high and horse swallows part 
o\ the decoction. 
6 — Chemical irritants from the same cause. 

7 — Various parasites. 

8 — Spread of the inflammation to neighboring 

parts. 

9 It may be caused by a direct infection. It ma\ 
also appear in epizootic form. 

10 — It may appear as a symptom oi an infectious 
or contagious disease such as distemper, 
glanders, anthrax or contagious pleuro-pneu- 
monia. 

Mortem: 

i Inflammation and ecchymosis ^\ mucous mem- 
brane. 
A transudation oi suppurative or serous - 

cretion on the surface of the mucous mem- 
brane 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. s. r > 

3 — An infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa. 
4 — Sloughing of the mucous membrane as a re- 
sult of the infection. 

Symptoms: 

i — The disease is ushered in with a high fever, 

!o_j to [05 . 

The' pulse is rapid and weak. 

3 — The patient has chills and seems greatly de- 
pressed. 

4 — Anorexia, and secretions are absent. 

5 The cough. At first tin's is very painful and 
dry, later on very loose and pieces of mucous 
are coughed ui). 

6 — On auscultation there is a very rough, harsh, 

vesicular murmur. 

7 — Later dry rales, rattling tones may be heard. 

8 — This rattling is very characteristic of bron- 

chitis. 
<) — Percussion is normal. 

io — Respirations are hurried, hut as a rule there 
is no dyspnoea. 
Course: 

Four to ten days, with usual recovery, hut it may run 
into the chronic form. The course depends upon age, con- 
stitution and care. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable, hut should he made with 
care. May have as a result heaves, chronic bronchitis or 
may have a spread of inflammation to some neighboring 
part. 

Treatment: 

i — Steaming. 

Externa] treatment worthies 
3 — Balsam fir, whiskey and glycerine. 



86 Xotes on 

4 — i gr: strychnine twice daily. 
5 — Sp. Aconite and Bryonia. 

R 

Aconite (Sp.) M. 2 

Bryonia (Sp.) M. 5 

Sig. : — (live every two hours until results are 
obtained. 

6 i—r- Carlsbad's Salts and Calomel on feed, feed 

soft feed. 
7 — Blankets and bandages. Bandage legs. 
8 — In cases of weakness give artificial stimulation 

such as camphor, alcohol, coffee, aromatic 

ammonia or whiskey. 
9 — (ilyco-Heroin for coughing. 

Chronic Bronchial Catarrh.. 



to : 



This usually results from the acute. It is usually due 

T — Animals with narrow chests and weak con- 
stitutions. 
2 — Cachetic and young animals. 
3 — It may come from the acute form. 

4 — Chronic heart and lung disease. 

5 — Chronic interstitial pneumonia, 
ft — Emphysema of the lungs. 

7 — May he a damming up of the blood in the 
bronchial veins in valvular insufficiency. 

(S — Chronic constitutional diseases as, anaemia, 
leukaemia, and chlorosis. 

(; — It may be caused by parasites. 
10 — Sluggish and lymphatic horses seem to be 
predisposed to this disease. 

Symptoms: 

1 — The main symptom is coughing. This cough 
is moist and at every cough mucous is ex- 
pelled. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 87 

2 — On auscultation there are dry rales and coarse 

rattling' tones. 

3 — This disease is accompanied with more or less 

dyspnoea, also accompanied with atelectasis 
and emphysema. 

4 — The animals look rough and appear poorly 

nourished, the animals become weak, cach- 
etic and often a catarrhal pneumonia sets in 
and they die as a result of this disease. 

Bronchiectasis is characterized by a sudden expulsion 
of masses of mucous which is necrotic. It is usually seen 
when the animal lowers its head. This is a symptom of 
chronic catarrh. 

Course: 

The course is a long drawn out process, lasting- weeks, 
months and even years. This disease usually accompanies 
laryngitis and heaves, it very rarely appears alone. 

Post Mortem: 

1 — The bronchial mucous membrane is of a dark 

brown color. The veins and vessels become 
greatly enlarged and are very prominent. 

2 — The secretion is usually of a mucous nature, 

but in some cases is necrotic or suppurative. 

3 — The secretion often dams up the smaller bron- 

chioles causing atelectasis. As a result of 
this there is chronic interstitial inflammation 
of the lung's. 

4 — In bronchiectasis the walls of the bronchioles 

break down, and there is formed a large cylin- 
drical sack, which retains this fluid. In some 
instances there is formed around this sack a 
strong membrane and the contents calcify, 
forming the so-called lung stones. 



88 Xotes on 



Treatment: 



This disease is curable, but so slow in reacting that the 
case changes hands often. 

i — Strong inhalations of turpentine, creoline. 

2 — • Apomorphine. 

3 — Ipecacuanha. 
* 4 — Squills. 

5 — ■ Intertracheally injections of : 

R 

Creosote, M. io 

Alcohol, • M. io 

Water, M. 5 

Give at one dose intertracheally. 



BRONCHIAL CROUP. 

Croupous Bronchitis. 

This in an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the bronchi with the formation of false membranes. 
It is usually due to : 

i — The so-called catching cold. 

2 — Sudden changes in temperature. 

3 — The inhalation of foreign bodies. 

4 — Mechanical and chemical irritation. 

5 — In the ox this is due to a specific infection. 

6 — ft may appear as a symptom of an infectious 
disease. 

Symptoms: 

i — These come on very suddenly with general 
symptoms, exhaustion, weakness, coughing 
and anorexia. 

2 — The symptoms are very severe from the first. 

3 — The characteristic symptom is high grade dys- 

pnoea, which usually becomes severe. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 89 

4 — On auscultation there may be heard rattling 

and snoring tones. 

5 — The cough in this disease is very painful. 

6 — Croupous masses, inches and feet long, are 

expelled while coughing. 

7 — By laying the hand on the trachea, vibrations 

are felt, (fremitus). 

8 — The visible mucous membranes are cyanotic. 
Course: 

The course is very short. 2 to 3 days with recovery 
or death due to asphyxia. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. Mortality 25%. 

Post Mortem Appearances: 

1 — ; The mucous membrane of the trachea and 

bronchi is injected, swollen and covered with 
false membranes, about \ inch in thickness. 

2 — The entire lung is very hyperaemic. 

3 — Sometimes these diphtheritic membranes roll 

together and cause choking with asphyxiation. 
Treatment: 

In rapid cases treatment is entirely useless. Trache- 
otomy is also practically useless. 

1 — Toxic doses of Nux vomica or strychnine may 

be of some value. 

2 — Artificial stimulation, alcohol, whiskev. 



VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS. 

Lungworm Disease. 

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of 
the bronchi due to parasites. 



90 Notes on 

It is usually due to : Animal parasites, ( nematodes or 
thread worms). These gain entrance to the trachea and 
bronchi, and cause bronchitis, catarrhal pneumonia, and 
eventually a parasite phthisis. 

The infection takes place by the inhalation of the eggs 
. or the embryo. These then come to maturity and repro- 
duce in the bronchi. By the act of coughing these parasites 
are coughed up and cast on the ground, and then these 
parasites lay eggs, which are inhaled by other sheep. This 
disease occurs mainly in the spring and fall, and usually on 
wet, low ground and marshes. By some it is thought the 
infection is taken in through the mouth by food and water, 
and by regurgitation entering the trachea and bronchi. Some 
authors seem to think the embryo passed through the blood 
into the lung. The embryo has never been found in the 
blood as yet. 

Occurrence: 

This disease is most prevalent in the fall, especially 
after wet seasons and in wet years. The infection usually 
takes place in the spring and the symptoms appear in the 
early fall. Sometimes it lakes two or three months before 
the disease can be recognized. This disease occurs mostly 
in sheep and usually in epidemic form. 
Anatomical Conditions: 

There are the following pathological changes in this 
disease : 

i — Bronchitis and bronchiectasis. 

2 — Lobular catarrhal pneumonia. 

3 — Nematode tuberculosis or the so-called pseudo 
tubercular pneumonia. 

L In the verminous bronchitis there is a suppurative 

<>r necrotic inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane. 
As a rule the embryos are found encapsulated. The lumen 
of the trachea and bronchi is filled with a necrotic fluid. 
The lung tissue in this region is thickened, emphysematous, 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 91 

oedematous, atelectatic and in sonic cases the circulation is 
even destroyed. 

II. Lobular pneumonia is found in the tissue sur- 
rounding the affected parts. There are small circumscribed, 
hepaticised portions throughout the lung. After healing 
these become atelectatic and in some cases the circulation is 

even destroyed. 

III. The pseudo-tubercular pneumonia presents small 
circumscribed nodules, throughout the lung tissue. These 
can be felt in the lungs. These encapsulations contain 
worms that have been surrounded by a fibrous wall. These 
sometimes lead to a pleuritis with adhesion of the lung to 
the chest wall. There may also be a peribronchitis which 
assumes a chronic form. 

In all of the body cavities there are quantities of fluid. 
The general aspect of the body presents hydraemia and 
anaemia. The lymph glands are usually affected forming 
hard nodules. 

Symptoms: 

Sheep. 

i — Present symptoms of chronic bronchitis. 

2 — Sheep are most susceptible and the symptoms 

are most severe. 

3 — Symptoms present themselves by a cough, 

which gradually becomes worse, and eventu- 
ally becomes weak and very frequent. 

4 — This cough becomes worse when the animals 

are moved. 

5 — When coughing, worms, mucous and necrotic 

material are passed out. Animals frequently 
rub their noses on the ground to rid them- 
selves of the discharge, 
n — Breathing becomes dyspnoeic. 

7 — On auscultation various tones may be heard. 

8 — Animals become weak and appetite fails them. 



92 Notes on 

9 — Visible mucous membranes, are exceedingly 

pale and animals are badly emaciated. 
10 — Animals usually die in a few weeks from 
cachexia. 

The mortality depends upon the age, care and food, but 
usually is about 50 ' , . 

Symptoms: 

Ox. 

1 — Young animals are most frequently affected. 

2 — The first noticeable symptom is cough. 

3 — Xext anorexia and emaciation. 

4 — Show symptoms of chronic lung lesions, ani- 

mals are very dyspnoeic. 
Course: 

The course is about two weeks. 

Mortality: 

The mortality is about ten per cent. Depending upon 
care and treatment. 

Symptoms: 

Swine. 

1 — This disease appears enzootic in swine. 

2 — There is dyspnoea and lung symptoms. 

3 — This leads one to think of tuberculosis. 

4 — The animals usually die as a result of emaci- 

ation. 

Treatment ■ 

1 — The radical treatment consists of intertracheal 
injections of aniseptics, and tonics internally. 

2 — Inhalations of tar, carbolic acid, creoline, tur- 
pentine, chloroform, ether, formalin, etc. 

3 — Intertracheal injections of blue stone, creo- 
sote and alcohol, chloroform. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 93 

Olive oil, oz. 2 

Turpentine, oz. 1 

Carbolic acid or creosote, oz. 1 

Ten drops intertracheally daily. 

4 — Lugol's solution. Ten drops intertracheally. 

5 — Arsenic. 

6 — Bitter tonics. 

7 — Gasoline. 

R 

Olive oil, 

Gasoline aa, 

Give ten drops intertracheally once daily. 

DISEASES OF THE LUNG. 

There are the following common diseases of the lung: 

1 — Pneumonia. 

2 — Hyperaemia, (congestion) . 

3 — Haemorrhage. 

4 — Emphysema. 

5 — Asthma. 

Clinically there are the following forms of pneumonia : 

1 — Croupous, (lobar) . 

2 — Catarrhal, (lobular) . 

3 — Foreign Body, (mechanical). 

4 — Mycotic. 

5 — Interstitial. 

6 — Metastatic. 

PRIMARY SPORADIC LOBAR PNEUMONIA. 

Lobar Pneumonia usually occurs in the horse, while 
lobular occurs most commonly in cattle. 
The knoun causes are: 

1 — The so-called catching cold. 



94 Xotcs on 

2 — Undue exposure. 

3 — Traumatisms. 

4 — Irritating- inhalations. 

Symptoms: 

I — This disease is ushered in with a chill, which 
is quite long. 

2 — In this disease the fever is extremely high, 

106 to 107 . This constitutes the diagnostic 
system. 

3 — The fever is even, does not change. 

4 — The fever continues for six days when it will 

suddenly drop. 

5 — The pulse is small, rapid and weak, 80 to 100 

per minute. 

6 — There is muscular weakness," depression of 

sensorium, and exhaustion. 

7 — The animals are very stiff. 

8 — Anorexia, (almost total.) 

9 — The visible mucous membranes are congested 

and injected with somewhat of a yellowish or 
icteric color, (dirty red). 

10 — The breathing is rapid, 20 to 60 per minute. 

The thorax is held very rigid, all the breath- 
ing is done with abdominal muscles. 

11 — The experium is very hot. 

12 — The nostrils are expanded. 

13 — There is usually a prune juice nasal discharge. 

14 — The cough is short and painful. 

15 — On percussion there may be heard tympan- 

itic tones. 
16 — On auscultation the sound varies according 
to the stage. 

1st stage, fermitis. 
2d stage, bronchial rales. 
3d stage, moist rales. 
4th stage, rough vesicular murmur. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 95 

17 — The urine is very highly colored and of an 
alkaline reaction, containing albumen. Looks 
cloudy and is usually scanty in quality. 

.Anatomical Changes: 

Post Mortem. 

Croupous pneumonia is characterized by inflammation 
of the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles, by the formation 
of a fibrous exudate in the alveoli themselves, which usu- 
ally attacks the lower lobes. After healing these portions 
of the lung return to normal. 

Stages of lobar pneumonia: 

1 — ■ Congestion. 

2 — Red hepatization. 

3 — Grey hepatization. 

4 — Resorption. 

/. Congestion: 

This stage lasts about two days. In this stage the lung 
is in a very intense state of hyperaemia, swollen and red- 
dened, pits on pressure, crackles on palpitation, the surface 
is smooth and shows a solid form on section. 

The capillaries are highly injected and there may be 
small haemorrhagic spots throughout the lung. The lumen 
of the alveoli is filled with an oedematous fluid. The inter- 
stitial connective tissue is infiltrated, oedematous and con- 
tains a fine foamy fluid. 

//. Stages of red hepatization: 

This begins 011 the third day and lasts about two 
days. This period usually begins with a coagulation 
of the fibrous exudate. ( This fibrin separates into fine 
particles. The lung becomes very heavy, soggy, sinks, 
in water, appears swollen and reddened, appears like liver, 
is dark brown and friable. The cut surface is very grey in 
color and in some places haemorrhagic. At this stage it ap- 



96 Notes on 

pears marbled, rough and granular to the touch. These 
granular portions cannot be squeezed out in this stage. 

III. Stage of grey hepatization : 

In this state the exudate undergoes fatty degeneration 
and resorption. The white blood corpuscles enter the ex- 
udate and phagocytosis takes place. In this stage the gran- 
ulations are quite soft and on pressure these may be pressed 
from the lung tissue. , 

IV. Stage of resorption and healing: 

In this stage the exudate liquifies and runs from the 
alveoli into the bronchi and a portion is expelled in the 
form of expectoration. After this the lung heals and re- 
turns to normal. In the region of the inflammation the sur- 
rounding tissue is swollen and in some cases becomes em- 
physematous. 

The pleura in the region of the hepatized spots is rough 
and swollen and in some instances haemorrhagic. The 
bronchial mucous membrane is inflamed and swollen and 
may be covered by croupous layers. The lymph glands 
are oedematous, swollen and haemorrhagic. 

The mucous membrane of the intestines is covered with 
a catarrhal exudate. The heart, liver and kidneys have un- 
dergone fatty degeneration. 

Course: 

This disease always runs a typical course. The dis- 
ease does not vary for six days and then is gradually re- 
sorbed or the animal dies. The sixth day seems to be the 
highest point of the disease. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually favorable, the mortality being 
about twenty-five per cent. 

Results of pneumonia: 

i — Chronic dyspnoea. 
2 — Gangrene of lungs. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 97 

3 — Necrosis of lungs. 

4 — Bronchiectasis. 

5 — Chronic induration of tissue. 
6 — Chronic bronchitis. 

I ) liferent ial I) iagu as is : 

i — Catarrhal Pneumonia. 

2 — Pleurisy. 

3 — Chest Plague. 

4 — Bronchitis. 

5 — Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia. 
Treatment: 

i — i oz. Digitalis in start, do not repeat. 

2 — t gr. Strychnine, three times daily, for arti- 

ficial stimulation. 

3 — Smith's (ilyco-Heroin for cough in i oz. doses 

every three hours. 
4 — Carlsbad's salts on feed. Feed bran mashes 

and soft feed. 
5 — Artificial stimulation, as whiskey, brandy, etc. 
6 — Bryonia and aconite, (first stage). 
R 

Bryonia, ( Sp.) ML 5 

Aconite, (Sp.) M. 2 

Sig. : — (live every two hours. 

7-R 

Camphor gum, 
Creosote, (Beech wood) 
Alcohol, 
M. f. S. 
Sig.: — Give hypodermically i oz. three times 
daily throughout the disease. 

8 — Keep horse well blanketed. Bathe the legs 
in ice water once an hour, then bandage well. 
The horse must have plenty of fresh air, but 
do not place the animal in a draft. 



oz. 


I 


oz. 


1 

2 


oz. 


4 



98 Notes on 



BRONCH( ) PNEUMONIA — CATARRHAL 

PNEUMONIA. 

The most common causes are : 

i — The so-called catching cold. 
2 — Inhalation of dust, sand, smoke, foreign 
bodies. 

This disease may occur enzootic in young animals. 

Broncho Pneumonia may occur in horses from being 
tied too short or checked too high for a long period of 
time, or from transportation, or it may occur after admin- 
istering an anaesthetic. Broncho Pneumonia may also oc- 
cur as a result of acute Bronchitis. 

This disease occurs most commonly as a result of in- 
fectious diseases. Young, emaciated animals seem to be 
most susceptibe. Tubercular Bronchial Pneumonia is 
caused by different parasites. (Parasite Pneumonia.) 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms start just as though it were a case of 
acute Bronchitis. 

i — The temperature is elevated, 104 to 105 . 
2 — The respiration is increased. 
• 3 — There is a short suppressed cough. 

4 — On percussion there are tympanitic spots here 

and there. 

5 — ( )n auscultation there are bronchial rales, and 

in some cases you can hear loud rattling tones. 

( 'oitrse: 

The course of this disease is somewhat subacute and 
chronic, lasting from two weeks to one month, with result- 
ing resorption of the product. This disease may also run 
into a chronic form. As a result of this disease we may 
have : 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 99 

1 — Chronic induration. 

2 — Emphysema. 

3 — Emaciation. Weakness. 

4 — Idiotism. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is very bad in young animals. The mor- 
tality is about 75 ( <. In older animals which have care, it 
is more favorable. 

D ifferential Diagn osis : 

i — Croupous pneumonia. 

2 — Bronchitis. 

3 — Bronchiolitis. 

Pathology: Post Mortem: 

This begins with hyperaemia. In some cases these 
may become confluent, thereby the entire lobe will be af- 
fected. 

The cut surface in broncho-pneumonia is far more 
smooth and the granulation is finer. The consistency is 
lighter. The surrounding tissue undergoes compensatory 
hvperaemia. 

The pleura: 

The pleura is rough, swollen, reddened, and the lymph 
glands are oedematous. 

Treatment: 

The same as for lobar pneumonia. 



MECHANICAL PNEUMONIA. 

This is always caused by some mechanical irritation to 
the trachea or bronchial tubes. It is really a catarrhal lobu- 
lar pneumonia. There are really two kinds of mechanical 
pneumonia. These are foreign body and traumatic. 



Jotes on 



C a uses: 

i — Irritating- inhalations. Smoke, dust, fumes. 

2 — The entrance of mechanical irritants, irritat- 

ing drenches, etc. 

3 — Entrance of oat hulls, timothy heads, splinters, 

trachea tubes, or bacteria. 

4 — This is most commonly caused by drenching a 

diseased animal as in tetanus, pharyngitis, 
oesophagitis or a partially narcoticised animal. 

5 — It may be caused by one dose of pilo carpine 

or arecoline or esernic. 

6 — Rupturing of a retro pharyngal abscess. 

7 — A true mechanical pneumonia is found in the 

ox. Due to foreign body indigestion, (trau- 
matic.) 
Post Mortem: 

1 — This disease presents croupous, catarrhal and 

gangrenous pneumonia present at the same 
time. 

2 — In the beginning the inflammatory process is 

all in the bronchi, but later on spreads to the 
lung tissue. As a result of the necrosis the 
lung tissue becomes dark in color and slimy. 
The neighboring tissue is haemorrhagic and 
oedematous. 
Symptoms: 

i — Stinking discharge from nose. 
2 — Rattling which is very coarse. 

3 — Xasal discharge. 

4 — Frequent chills and an average fever of 103 
to 104 . 

5 — Pulse i^ very weak and small. 

(> — The animal is extremely weak and sometimes 
there is a bloody diarrhoea present. 

7 — The history of the case is of importance, it 
shows that this usually follows colic. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 101 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Chest Plague. 

2 — Bronchitis. 

3 — Phthisis. 

Prognosis: 

i — Favorable if drench was mild and not too ir- 
ritating. 

2 — It is unfavorable if the substance was irri- 
tating. 

The mortality depends upon the cause. 

Treatment: 

R 

Creosote, M. io 

Alcohol M. 5 

Water, M. 5 

Give intertracheally every T2 hours. 

I — Intertracheal injections of Lugol's solution. 
2 — Inhalations of creosote, turpentine, etc. 
3 7— Artificial stimulation. 



MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA. 

This is as a rule due to the infection of actino mycosis, 
Botrycosis, or pus cocci. This disease usually affects more 
than one animal in the same stable. These bacteria set up 
an inflammation by the formation of toxines. The result- 
ing pneumonia is very similar to foreign body penumonia. 

Post Mortem: 

( )n post mortem the disease usually assumes the form 
of nodular, gangrenous, or suppurative pneumonia- This 
consists of an acute, diffuse inflammation throughout the 
lung tissue. There are hepatized and haemorrhagic spots 
throughout the lung which are separated by a zone or line 



102 Notes on 

of demarkation. Ulcers form on the bronchial mucous 
membrane. The pleura in the region of the diseased tissue 
is inflamed and dry. 

Symptoms: 

i — Symptoms of catarrhal pneumonia. 

2 — As a rule this assumes the form of a chronic 

disease. 

3 — Dyspnoea. 

4 — Emaciation and cachexia. 

5 — Animal becomes extremely weak and then 

dies. 
Sometimes the animal will cough up croupous 
masses which contain particles of pus. 

Treatment: — (treat symptoms). 

1 — Inhalations of creosote, creoline, turpentine. 

2 — Artificial stimulation. 
3 — Intertracheal injections. 

INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA. 

This is not a primary disease hut is always secondary 
to s6me other form as catarrhal croupous pneumonia. 

This disease is characterized by the formation of new 
connective tissues and chronic inflammatory processes in 
the lungs and between the bronchi. The disease nearly 
always occurs in the second stage of catarrhal pneumonia, 
mechanical pneumonia, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis 
and bronchiectasis. Also in the following infectious dis- 
eases : Tuberculosis, glanders, actinomycosis, botryomy- 
cosis, distemper and chest plague. 

Post Mortem: 

This disease consists of a diffuse or circumscribed 
nodular formation of new connective tissues between the 
individual alveoli. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 103 

The lung becomes more firm, and when cutting; grates 
and is rough. Tn the very first stages this consists of a 
soft infiltrate, but with age, hardens. 

Symptoms: 

i — The main, and in fact the only, symptom is 
dyspnoea. This is because the lung tissue is 
destroyed and the oxidizing properties are 
lost. 

2 — Sometimes there is a soft, suppressed cough. 

But this is not constant. 

3 — The animal becomes weak, emaciated, hair 

stands on end and the skin is dead. 
Treatment: 

Worthless. 



HYPERAEMIA AXD OEDEMA. 

i — Active congestion. 

2 — Passive congestion. 

3 — Oedema. 
Causes: 

i — Active congestion. 

This disease usually occurs in horses after hard work, 
as racing, running, or over-exertion in extremely hot 
weather. It may be caused by cold air, smoke, gas, etc. 
This active congestion presents all the symptoms of the 
first stage of pneumonia. 

2 — Passive Congestion. 

This follows heart weakness or the failure of the heart 
beat which will result in a compression of the veins and 
cause a damming up of the blood in the lungs. This 
occurs in all diseases that are accompanied by a marked 
heart's weakness, such as hypostatic pneumonia, infectious 
diseases, poisonings, and chronic constitutional diseases. 



104 



A r otes on 



3 — Oedema. 

This is where the blood serum leaves the vessels and 
enters the connective tissues between the alveoli and bron- 
chioles. This usually occurs in croupous pneumonia, malig- 
nant oedema or in a destruction of the vessel wall from any 
cause or a damming up of the blood. 

Symptoms: 

i — Acute congestion presents all of the symp- 
toms of the first stage of pneumonia and the 
history of the case must govern the diagnosis. 
It appears very suddenly and without any 
premonitory symptoms. 

2 — Passive congestion and oedema presents prac- 
tically the same symptoms. The history will 
govern the diagnosis. 

i — Appears suddenly. 

2 — The temperature is high, io6° to 107 . 

3 — Rapid breathing, 80 to 100. 

4 — Rapid and weak pulse. 

( oursc: 

12 to 24 hours, with recovery or death. 

Treatment: 

1 — i oz. mix vomica every 2 hours. 

2 Strychnine, 1 gr. every o hours. 

3 — Bandage and bathe the legs in ice water. 

4 — Aconite and bryonia in small, oft-repeated 

doses. 

5 — Artificial stimulation. 

1 — Whiskey. 

Brandy. 
3 — Aromatic spirits of ammonia. 
4 — Alcohol, etc. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 105 



CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA OF THE OX. 

The post mortem aitcl pathological condition is iden- 
tical with that of the horse. In this disease the interlobular 
spaces very seldom become inflamed. The inflammation is 

more apt to spread to die pleura. The cut surface of the 
red hepatization is darker. The pleura is affected more 
than in the horse. 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms appear suddenly and usually are 
sporadic. 

i — There is a high fever, with marked generaL 
symptoms. 

2 — I >yspnoea. 

3 — Coughing. 
Course: 

This disease runs a more rapid course than it does in 
the horse. Idle disease in the ox usually stops in the stage 
of hepatization the third to fourth day. 

Treatment: 

The same as for lobular pneumonia. 

Pneumonia in swine or sheep practically shows the 
same symptoms, except that the disease in sheep usually 

runs a course of 14 days to 3 weeks. 

HAEMORRHAGE FROM THE LUNG. 

This is caused by : 

1 — Over-exertion, especially in hot weather. 

2 — Glanderous lesions in lung. 

3 — Tubercular processes in the lung. 

4 — Contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 

5 — Emboli or thrombosis formation in the lungs. 
6 — This may occur as a symptom in infectious 
diseases. 



106 Notes on 

Symptoms: 

i — A reddish, foamy substance comes from the 
lungs and is passed out of the nose and mouth. 

2 — There is severe dyspnoea at the same time. 

3 — Coughing. 

4 — Chills. 

5 — Toward end of haemorrhage animal becomes 

very weak and nervous. Mucous membrane 
is pale, pulse small and imperceptible. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

Epistaxis. Blood comes out as such and is not foamy. 

Treatment: 

i — In case it is due to hyperaemic condition of 
the lungs, phlebotomy is indicated. 

2 — Cold applications to external portions of body 

in region of lung. 

3 — Internally, Hydrastis, alum, tannin, vinegar 

and salt. 

4 — From a prophylactic standpoint the animal 

should be kept as quiet as possible and moved 
only when it is absolutely necessary. 



EMPHYSEMA OF LUNGS. 

This means some difficulty in breathing. 
It may be due to the following causes: 

t — Where there is an adhesion of the lung to 
thorax and movement is prevented. 

2 — Atelectasis. 

3 — A change in texture of the lung tissue. 
Clinically there are the following forms: 

1 — Chronic emphysema. 

2 — Acute vesicular emphysema. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 107 

i — Chronic: 

This is caused by an enlargement of the alveoli and 
the septi between the alveoli, with a degeneration of the 
parenchyma of the lung. The alveoli becomes confluent 
and as a result there are cavities formed in the lung. The 
more these enlarge the thinner the walls become and they 
eventually rupture. 

The blood supply to these parts is also affected. In 
the enlargement of the alveoli the capillaries stretch, the 
lumen becomes lessened and in some cases obliterated. 

Microscopically that portion of the lung is greatly 
enlarged, fluffy and very light in weight. The edges of 
the lung are rounded, the surface contains the marks of 
ribs, and it retains finger prints. * On opening the thorax 
the lung does not collapse. 

2 — Interstitial : 

This is caused by a rupture of the alveoli, by too 
great and forced inhalations. The air enters the connec- 
tive tissue and the lymph spaces between the alveoli. This 
is seen in the surface of the lung, under the pleura in the 
form of blisters, the size of a pea to that of a walnut. These 
blisters may be easily pressed in or pushed away. The air 
may also get between the layers of the mediastinal pleura. 
In rare cases it works out under the skin, causing emphy- 
sema. 

It is supposed to be brought on by coughing spells, 
over exertion, over driving, shipping or mechanical pneu- 
monia. It has also been known to follow difficult parturi- 
tion. The most common cause being acute diseases of the 
lungs. 

3 — Acute Vesicular. 

This form is an alveolar ectasis, caused by the forma- 
tion' of new tissue. This may affect a single lobule or may 
be spread over the entire lung. This disease is seen to 
follow chronic bronchial catarrh. 



108 



Notts OH 



Symptoms: 

i — Chronic expiratory dyspnoea. 

2 — A double motion of the flanks. 

3 — At the nostril there are two distinct streams 

of air at the same expiration. 

4 — There is always a secondary hypertrophy of 

the heart. 

5 — The anus is forced out at each expiration. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Course: 

The course is years. 
Treatment/. Incurable but may be relieved. 

i — P. E. Rosin weed in { to i oz. doses. 

2 — F. E. lobelia in J to 2 drachm doses. 

3 — Give i teaspoonful of powdered stramonium 

on each feed. 
4 — Strophanthus in l drachm doses. 

PLEURITIS. 

PLEURISY. 



This is an inflammation of the pleura. 

This process covers an exudative and a productive 
process of the pleura. There are various forms according 
to the cause, location, anatomical position and character 
<>f the exudate. In this process the lung nearly always 
becomes adherent to the chest wall, and therefore path- 
ologically we always have a pneumonia present with this 
disease. This is not the only means whereby we have 
pleurisy, but the most common. There may be a 
haemorrhagic pleuritis spread entirely by the blood stream 
or if there is an infection present there may be pleurisy 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 109 

present. In certain infections diseases there may be a 
bloody exudate in the chest cavity. If the disease has a 
tendency to run a mild course there may be injected spots 
and even granulations around this exudate. 

A traumatic pleurisy always occurs by means of punc- 
tured wounds to the thorax, fractured ribs or traumatisms 
to the chest wall. These wounds usually become infected 
and assume a purulent or gangrenous character. As a 
result we have this form of pleuritis. Sometimes air enters 
the openings and spreads the infection over a very large 
surface. If the wound severed a vein or an artery, then 
we have blood in the cavity ; this ferments, decomposes and 
as a result there is gangrenous pleurisy. 

Case where a rib is splintered and a splinter enters 
the lung, are usually followed by haemorrhage from the 
nose. It usually requires about one month for the lung to 
hecome adherent in cases of fracture. 

There are the following forms of pleurisy (clinically) : 

i — Primary. 

2 — Secondary. 

3 — Suppurative. 

4 — Gangrenous, 

5 — Haemorrhagic. 

Symptoms: 

i — A rise in temperature. This may be very 
high or medium. 

2 — Disease is usually ushered in with a chill. 

3 — Depression of the sensorium. 

4 — Mucous membrane injected and reddened. 
5 — Severe dyspnoea. Respirations are frequent 

and shallow. 
(> — The head is held poked out. The thorax is 

stiff and held out. 
7 — If the disease continues the animal becomes 

greatlv emaciated. 



110 



Notes on 



Prognosis: 

i — Cases properly treated run a course of 5 to 

8 days with a favorable prognosis. 
2 — if a very large area is involved and the case 
has made considerable progress before treat- 
ment, the course is usually about two to four 
weeks and the prognosis is less favorable. 
As a rule after fractures or a rupture of the thoracic 
wall there is a traumatic inflammation with a diffuse sup- 
purative pleuritis with a peracute course. This may also 
set up a circumscribed fibrinous inflammation or an encap- 
sulation in the fore part of the thoracic cavity. This latter 
always assumes a chronic form. If the inflammatory pro- 
cess attacks the heart sack or pericardium, the prognosis 
is necessarily fatal. Most commonly find a secondary or a 
rheumatic pleurisy. The secondary form is an acute 
fibrinous pneumonia followed by an exudative pleurisy. 
Quite frequently a broncho-pneumonia is followed by 
pleurisy in the region of the hepaticised spots. 
Pathology: 

1 — Capillary injection and reddening of the 

pleura. 

2 — The epithelium becomes roughened and the 

lymph glands widen out. 

3 — There is an exudation of serum, (white and 

fibrin.) 
4— If the exudate is fibrinous it is spoken of as 

"Pleuritis secca". (Dry pleurisy.) 
5 — [f a great quantity of serum is thrown out 

"Pleuritis serosa". (Serous pleurisy.) 
6 — If serum and fibrin 'sero fibrinous". 
7 — At this stage a 

1 — Local, 

2 — Circumscribed, 

3— Diffuse 

pleuritis must be distinguished. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. Ill 

The quantity of serum varies with every case and may 
be from a few quarts to 8 to 10 gallons. Only one pleural 
sack may be affected or it may spread to the neighboring- 
part. One side may be affected while the other side re- 
mains intact. This fibrin coagulates and organizes and in 
some cases undergoes granulation. If the exudate is 
haemorrhagic, this blood comes from the strong injection 
of the pleura and is not pure blood. This sort of exudate 
has a tendency to become gangrenous. 

A suppurative exudate consists mainly of fibrin, serum 
and pus. The infection enters through a granulation in 
the inflamed portion of the pleura. This form of exudate 
very rarely contains fibrin, and if so the fibrin is coagulated 
and floats around in chunks. The formation of creamy pus 
in the chest cavity can happen only where there is infec- 
tion carried in from the outside. 

A gangrenous pleuritis is the result of infection and 
is usually seen to accompany some other disease. 



RHEUMATIC PLEURISY. 

The exact cause of this disease is unknown. This 
disease occurs mostly in horses from three to five years 
old, that have been shipped and unduly exposed on markets 
or sale stables. 

The predisposing causes are horses that chill easily, or 
where there is some existing catarrhal affection of the res- 
piratory tract. The so-called catching cold and various in- 
fections also play an important part in this disease. This 
form of pleurisy may be one sided or affect both sides. It 
may be serous or sero-fibrinous according to the character of 
the exudate. In very severe cases it is usually serous and 
there may be great quantities of fluid in the cavity. If the 
disease runs more than twelve to fifteen days this exudate 
has a tendency to become purulent. 



112 Notes on 

In some localities there is a pleurisy seen, that is 
caused without exposure and occurs primarily. This is in 
the form of a stable miasma. The capillaries are highly 
injected and there is a sero-haemorrhagic fluid thrown out 
in great quantities. This usually runs above five to ten 
days, at which time the exudate, becomes purulent and as- 
sumes a greenish cast. 

Symptoms: 

1 — In mild cases the symptoms do not develop 

for four to five days. 

2 — In severe cases the disease is ushered in with 

a chill. 

3 — Temperature, 103 to 105 . 

4 — The pulse is fast and weak, 80 to 100. 

5 — The conjunctiva and mucous membranes are 

highly injected and reddened. 

6 — The first four or five days the animal drinks 

very little water and the excretion of urine is 
lessened. 

7 — Animal shows great pain on pressure over 
thorax over diseased portion. 

<S — Respirations are dyspnoeic and labored, 30 
to 70. In the act of breathing the flanks are 
used and thorax held stiff. 

9 — On auscultation find coarse rattling tones, and 
in some cases a grating or rubbing sound. 
IO — Sometimes in long, draw nout cases thei are 
oedematOUS swellings in the subcutis under 
the breast, on the legs, emaciation and symp- 
toms of gastro intestinal catarrh. 



Course 



Mild cases run a course of 5 to () days, with 

healing in 14 days. 

Severe cases 2 to 3 weeks'. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 113 

3 — Animals that emaciate and are poorly taken 

care of, the course is to 4 to 6 weeks. 

4 — Cases where both sides are affected the exu- 

date presses on the heart to such an extent 
that the animal dies early in the course of the 
disease. This may also lead to suffocation. 

5 — Cases in which the exudate assumes a puru- 

lent character, are usually followed by a septic 
intoxication with a resulting" gastro-intestinal 
catarrh, parenchymatous inflammation of the 
kidneys, liver and spleen. In these cases the 
patient shows symptoms of diarrhoea, rapid 
emaciation, eyes stary and venous congestion 
of mucous membrane. 

Prognosis: 

Depends entirely upon the intensity of the disease and 
the way in which the animal stands the attack. 

Treatment: 

The treatment is mainly symptomatic. 
1 — -Aconite and Bryonia. 

R 

Bryonia, (Sp.) M. 5 

Aconite (Sp.) M. 2 

Sig. : — Give every two hours. 

2 — Pleurisy root. 

3 — Digitalis, give \ oz. Do not repeat. 
4 — Potassium Iodide, ^ to 1 oz. daily. 

5 — Good nursing, bandage legs, blankets. 
6 — Puncture thorax in cases of hydro-thorax. 
7 — Treat other symptoms as they arise. 



114 Notes on 



HYDROTHORAX. 

Hydrothorax is a collective term meaning a transuda- 
tion of serum into the chest cavity. It has practically a 
reference to a copious exudation. 

Clinically we have the following forms : 

i — A sero-fibrinous pleuritis, acute hydrothorax. 

2 — A chronic diffuse pleuritis with a serous or 

sero-fibrinous exudation. 

3 — There may be a chronic hydrothorax. 

Some horses on account of their great age or on ac- 
count of malnutrition often suffer from hyperaemia of the 
lungs, as a result there is a transudation of serum into ves- 
sels and pleura and this may lead to a chronic hydrothorax. 
In cases of chronic deforming endo-carditis or valvular in- 
sufficiency, with chronic course, there is seen to occur hy- 
drops, ascitis and anasarca. In this case we have also a 
transudation in the thoracic cavity and as a result have 
hydrothorax. Hydrothorax is a symptom and not a dis- 
ease.' 

Treatment: 

Symptomatic. 

1 — Puncture the thorax. 

2 — Potassium iodide in half to one ounce doses. 



HEMATOTHORAX. 

Hematothorax occurs only in horses. It is seen most 
commonly in complications, such as contagious pleuro-pneu- 
monia, its specific cause being a rupture of the vessels in 
the pleura, As a result we have haemorrhages in the thor- 
acic cavity. Also seen to occur with a sero-fibrinous pleu- 
ritis or pneumonia. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 115 

Symptoms: 

i — Sudden paleness of mucous membrane. 

2 — Pulse is rapid and weak. 

3 — The appetite suddenly fails. 
Diagnosis: 

Diagnosis of this disease is made only with the trocar. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 
Treatment: 

The treatment is expectative. Xo treatment. 



PNEUMOTHORAX. 

Pneumothorax is air in the chest cavity. This occurs 
only in cases where there are penetrating wounds, fracture 
of the ribs, or an ulceration or destruction of the lung tis- 
sue. Perforation. This disease very rarely occurs except 
by puncture. Has been known to occur in cases of rupture 
of the bronchial tubes. 

Symptoms: 

Are very hard to recognize. Sometimes percussion will 
give tympanic tones. Otherwise practically unable to diag- 
nose, t 

Treatment: \ 

Keep patient as quiet as possible. Await results. %\ 

r 

PYOTHORAX. 

(Empyema of the Chest.) 

This consists of a formation of pus in the chest cav- 
ity. A formation of pus never takes place in the chest 
cavity except by direct inoculation. 



116 Notes on 

Symptoms: 

i — Exceedingly painful inflammation of the 
Pleura, due partly to pressure and partly to 
the inflammation which it sets up. 

2 — From this there is a resorption and a toxemia. 

3 — Severe dyspnoea, seen mostly at expiration. 

Expiratory dyspnoea. 
Treatment: 

The treatment is mainly symptomatic, 
i — Aconite and bryonia. 

R 

Bryonia, (Sp.) M. 5 

Aconite, (Sp.) M. 2 

Sig. : — Give every two hours. 

2 — Pleurisy root. 

3 — Digitalis, give half ounce, do not repeat. 

4 — Potassium iodide, half to one ounce daily. 

5 — Good nursing, bandage legs, blanket. 

6 — Puncture thorax in cases of hydrothorax. 
7 — Treat other symptoms as they arise. 



PARTURIENT PARESIS. 

Milk Fever. 

This is sometimes known as Parturient Apoplexy or 
Parturient Fever. 

Causes: 

Tins is a mechanical derangement of the blood. This 
comes on at about the time of calving and as a result we 
have an apolectic condition of the animal. 

Primarily the cause is not known, but the most favor- 
able theory is that at the time of calving there is a great 
-train on the animal economy. The uterus must have 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 117 

enough bipod to assist in the expulsion of the calf, and the 
digestive apparatus must also have an over supply on ac- 
count of the extra -strain thrown on it to nourish the young 
animal. Then the mammary glands call for an excess 
amount of blood, so that it may secrete enough for the 
nourishment of the young. 

Occurrence: 

Milk fever always occurs in deep milkers, heavy 
feeders, in fact the best cows in the barn. Also in cows 
having a highly developed nervous system. 

We also have the folio-icing facts: 

The nervous system of the digestive tract and mam- 
mary gland are in a deranged condition, with a resulting 
deranged blood supply, and a dilation of the vessels. As 
a result we have Hyperaemia or Congestion of the Udder. 
This Hyperaemia causes a resulting Anaemia of the brain 
and the spinal cord, so that the center of co-ordination and 
correlation lose control over the body. As a result we have 
a Paresis or a paralytic condition of the animal. 

Symptoms : 

This disease usually comes on within three or four 
days after calving. In rare cases, however, it tnay come on 
some time later than the period mentioned. 

i — Anorexia. 

2 — Animals become indifferent to their young, 

and do not notice anything as a rule. 

3 — The sensorium is depressed. 

4 — Animals have a staggering gait. 

5 — Animals lie down and are unable to rise, as 

they have an ascending paralysis of the hind 
quarters. 
C) — In lying down the head is always turned 
toward the flank and is held in that position. 
They may lie on either side. 



118 Notes on 

7 — There is also a paresis of the intestines and 
the bladder, no urine being voided. 

Course: 

This disease is always acute. 
Prognosis: 

Good if treated, if not treated unfavorable. 
Mortality: 

Untreated, 97 % . Tf treated, less than 1%. 
/ ) iffe re 1 1 Hal D iag 1 1 osis : 

Ptomaine poisoning or the eating of growing corn. 
Treatment : 

1 — The treatment consists of mechanically re- 
lieving the congestion of the udder. This 
is done by inflating the udder with air. This 
should be sterilized, but prior to this the 
udder should be disinfected and placed on a 
clean towel. Precaution should be taken lest 
the infection enter the gland. The udder 
should be tightly inflated and the end of the 
teats tied shut. These strings should be re- 
moved in one hour's time. 
2 — Internally F. E. Nux Vomica, teaspoonful. 

Until the animal gets up. 
3 — Do not physic. Do not purge. Do not give 
any great quantity of liquid by way of the 
mouth. 
4 — Should the animal remain down for four or 
five hours catheterize. As a rule the animal 
gets up in from one to two hours after treat- 
ment. 
5 — Do not milk the cow for 36 hours. 

This is a feverless disease, if anything the temperature 

is subnormal. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 119 

ICTERUS. 
Jaundice. 

Any disease of the gall duct which causes a damming 
up of the bile with a resorption is known as jaundice. This 
really consists of a "hematogeiuts icterus" and usually ap- 
pears as a symptom of some other disease. It is seen 
mostly in septic intoxications of the horse. 

A hepatogenic icterus has no relation to a distinct 
disease of the liver, but refers to some other disease 
primarily with icterus as a symptom. 

A catarrhal icterus is the result of a catarrhal inflam- 
mation of the duodenum or the gall duct, causing a dam- 
ming up of the bile with resorption. 

It is quite common that the mucous membrane assumes 
a yellowish cast, as a result of a-fibrile disease. In these 
cases it is quite rare that the liver itself is affected. Gall 
stones, abscess, or ulceration may cause this symptom. 
As yet it has not been proven, whether or not this will cause 
a parenchymatous inflammation. 

Symptoms: 

i — ■ Anorexia. 

2 — Dryness of the mucous membrane. 

3 — The tongue is coated. 

4 — The feces are light colored. 

5 — Very little feces is voided. 

6 — The visible mucous membranes are very yel- 

low. 

7 — The horse is usually very sluggish in action. 
8 — -The urine is bile stained. 

9 — General symptoms are absent. 

Course: 

The course is ten to twentv davs. 



120 Notes on 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is good as a rule. 
Differential Diagnosis: 

i — ■ Anaemia. 

2 — Disturbances of the digestive tract. 
Treatment: 

i — ■ Calomel in drachm doses every six hours. 

2 — Arecoline, one-half grain every six hours. 

3 — Dietetics, green food, soft food. 

4 — Tonics, aloes, mix vomica, arsenic, etc. 

5 — ■ Turpentine in one ounce doses every six 

hours. 

HEPATITIS. 

This consists in an inflammation of the liver. 

A parenchymatous inflammation of the liver, is seen 
only as a symptom of some infectious or contagious disease. 
This form of inflammation of the liver never takes place 
as a primary disease. 

A suppurative inflammation of the liver usually occurs 
in the course of omphalo-phlebitis, (navel ill). The in- 
fection takes place directly through the blood stream, the 
])iis cocci entering the liver tissue. There may be abcesses 
formed in the liver in the course of Pyaemia, the caus"e be- 
ing metastasis. Then there may be a necrosis of the liver 
as a result of thrombus formation with a resulting de- 
generation of tlie surrounding tissues. 

A multiple necrotic inflammation of the liver, usually 
follows some intoxicating disease. 



DIFFUSE CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. 

Tin- cause <u cirrhosis is not definitely known. It has 
been known to follow chronic icterus. Some authorities 
state that certain foods bring on this condition. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 121 

Symptoms: 

i — -A variable appetite. 

2 — The animals have a dislike for grain, but pre- 

fer hay. 

3 — Later on in the disease there may be digestive 

disturbances. 
4 — Some animals seem to eat enough but con- 
tinually lose flesh. 

5 — These animals have a tendency to lick foreign 

objects. 

6 — The animals eat dirt, sand, and feces rav- 

enously. 

7 — There is constant gapping. 

8 — The urine is unchanged. 

9 — -The conjunctiva is discolored yellow, 
io — There are no general symptoms present in 
this disease. 

Course: 

The course of this disease is months and years. (2 to 
3 years). 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis depends upon the course. If the animal 
shows brain symptoms, along with colicky symptoms, the 
prognosis is unfavorable. 

In chronic cases the prognosis is more favorable. 

Treatment: 

This disease is practically incurable, but the following 
line of treatment may be given a trial. 

1 — Lugol's solution intertracheally, one drachm 

daily. 

2 — Arsenic in form of Fowler's solution, one 

ounce three times daily. 

3 — Iron. -Give tincture of iron chloride in one 

drachm doses, three times daily. 



122 Notes on 



DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN. 

The spleen is the organ chiefly concerned in the manu- 
facture of blood corpuscles. When there is an infectious 
or contagious disease present, there, is apt to be a diseased 
condition of the spleen. 

Clinic ally there are the following forms: 

i — A chronic induration of the spleen, seen in 
leukaemia. 

2 — -Amyloid degeneration of the spleen. 

3 — ■ Ecchinococcus in the spleen. (Parasite dis- 
ease). 

4 — Ulceration of the spleen. This form is seen 
in glanders or carcoma of the spleen. 

Symptom^ i 

The symptoms are emaciation with a varying appetite. 
After two or three months cachexia sets in and the animal 
dies. 

DISEASE OF THE URINARY APPARATUS. 

The most common diseases of the kidney which are 
seen in Veterinary Medicine are : 
i — • Acute Nephritis. 
2 — Circumscribed Nephritis. . 



ACUTE NEPHRITIS. 

This occurs in the course of infectious and contagious 
diseases, such as Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia and In- 
fluenza. It may also be caused by various toxic drugs, such 

antharides, large doses of turpentine and similar irri- 
tating diuretics. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 123 

Pathology: 

1 — A swelling and enlargement of the kidney. 

2 — The kidney becomes oedematous and friable. 

3 — The kidney is usually very oedematous. That 

side the horse lies on most frequently. 

Symptoms: 

1 — The urine is usually high colored and cloudy. 

2 — The urine contains red blood corpuscles. 

3 — ■ The urine is usually scanty in amount. 

4 — The animal collapses and is usually in a state 

of exhaustion. 

5 — There is neither stiffness in gait nor soreness, 

or any similar symptom. 

Prognosis: 

i — This disease is usually a symptom and no 

prognosis is given. 
2 — If this is a primary disease the prognosis is 

unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Arecoline, \ gr. doses, twice daily. 

2 — Feed green food, as carrots, etc. 

3 — Give very mild diuretics, as formin 30 gr. in 

water, three times daily. 

4 — Give plenty of fresh water to drink. 



CHRONIC PARENCHYMATOUS NEPHRITIS. 

This runs the course of a long drawn out acute 
nephritis. 

Symptoms: 

1 — A very slow progressive emaciation without 

any apparent cause. 

2 — ■ Sometimes there is a paralysis of certain 

groups of muscles. 



124 . Notes on 

3 — The urine may be cloudy or contain albumen, 

4 — To make an exact diagnosis it is necessary to 

hold Post Mortem. 
Course: 

The course is chronic. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

I 'racticallv incurable. 



CYSTITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the bladder. Inflammation 
of the bladder is usually due to some other disease and 
rarely occurs as a primary disease. Frequently the bladder 
becomes adherent to a portion of bowel, causing a chronic 

cystitis. 

Forms of Cystitis: 

i — Diphtheritic. 

2 — ■ Fibrinous. 

3 — Suppurative. 

Cystitis may also follow inflammatory or suppurative 
processes in the kidney. It may also occur from passing 
an infected catheter. Diphtheritic cystitis always causes 
severe general symptoms and results fatally. 

/ athology: 

This is usually chronic and causes an induration of 
the mucous membrane and connective tissue. Sometimes it 
leads t<> the formation of granulation tissue, and this leads 
to a hypertrophy of the walls of the bladder. 

Symptoms: 

i — Painful urination. The urine is voided with 
very little force. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 125 

2 — The urine is often badly decomposed when 

passed. (Offensive). 

3 — Sometimes the urine has strong- ammoniacal 

odor and is very irritating. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is generally unfavorable. 
Treatment : 

i — One tablespoon ful of borax in drinking water 
three times daily. 

2 — Potassium chlorate, one tablespoon ful in 

drinking water three times daily. 

3 — Formin, 30 gr. in bucket of water three times 

daily. 

4 — Carefully wash out bladder with Ag NO a 1%. 

5 — Fluid Extract Corn silk, \ oz. twice daily. 



PARALYSIS OF BLADDER. 

This is usually secondary, coming on from some other 
disease, very rarely occurring primarily. 

Symptoms: 

1 — The urine is voided in a small stream and is 
of uncertain quantity. 
• 2 — The urine may drop steadily. 

3 — As a result of this constant dribbling, the parts 

are usually inflamed. 

4 — Rectal examination of the bladder shows it to 

be quite full of urine. 
Course: 

The course is acute. 

Differential Diagnosis: 
Urethral calculus. 



126 Notes on 



Prognosis: 



The prognosis depends upon the cause. If due to cal- 
culi it is usually favorable. 



Treatment: 



i — Catheterization and washing out bladder with 
Ag NO,, i%. 

2 — Formin, 30 gr. in water three times daily. 

3 — Eserine, 1 gr. every six hours hypodermically. 
4 — Rhus Tox in ten drop doses every four hours. 
5 — F. E. Comsiek \ oz. every four hours. 



ULCERATION OF BLADDER. 

This is caused by an infection from above in the urinary 
tract. 

Symptoms: 

1 — Constant urination. 

2 — The urine is creamy or cloudy and contains 

pus or mucous. 

3 — Painful urination. 

4 — Pressure on bladder causes great pain. 

Course: 

The course is long drawn out. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

1 — Formin, 30 gr. three times daily in water. 

2 — ■ Salol, 30 gr. three times daily. 

3 — Methylene blue, gr. 10, three times daily. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 127 

HYPERAESTHESIA OF THE URETHRA. 

This occurs mainly in geldings, but may occur in stal- 
lions. It consists of painful micturition. The animals 
spread out and urinate often, only small quantities are 
thrown out at a time. The animal shows colicky symptoms. 

Diagnosis depends upon: 
i — Geldings. 

2 — Colicky symptoms. 

3 — This is seen in work horses after a hard pull. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Course: 

The course is acute. Two to three days. 

Treatment: 

i — Catheterization most important. 

2 — Formin, 30 gr. three times daily in water. 

3 — Plenty of fresh water to drink. 

4 — Arecoline, i gr. every twelve hours. 



AZOTUREA. 
Haemoglobinuria. 

All horses do not seem to have the same susceptibility 
to this disease. The age, color, sex, breed does not seem 
to make any difference. Horses under three and over fif- 
teen do not seem to be affected so commonly. Horses from 
five to eight seem to be most commonly affected. 

The condition of the animal seems to have considerable 
influence upon the susceptibilty of an animal to an attack. 
Usuallv well fed. fat horses that are. accustomed to a fixed 



128 Notes on 

amount of work are attacked. Thin and poorly nourished 
horses are very rarely affected. Extremely fat horses seem 
to be predisposed to the disease. This disease usually 
comes on after a period of rest on regular feed in horses 
accustomed to a fixed amount of work. 

Some authorities seem to think that Azoturea is brought 
on by a chill or a chilling of the body. This theory is based 
on the fact that it comes on only after the horse is taken 
out of the barn. Some authorities seem to think it is a 
toxic disease. Azoturea occurs most frequently in the fall 
and spring months. 

Pathology: 

The parts affected are the musculature, the blood, the 
spinal cord, and the kidneys. In the course of the disease 
the heart and liver becomes involved. 

The Muscles: 

These undergo parenchymatous degeneration, attack- 
ing the croup and loin muscles mostly. Under some condi- 
tions the shoulder muscles are the seat of trouble. The 
condition of the muscles becomes a great deal worse after 
the patient has lain for several days, the circulation is hin- 
dered as well as the respiration. Later on the musculature 
becomes of a dark brown color. If the animal is sick for 
any length of time, the muscles undergo fatty degenera- 
tion. On the cut surface of the muscles, small haemorrhagic 
spots may be seen. 

The Blood: 

The blood loses great quantities of haemoglobin. Then 
there is a dissolution of the red corpuscles. The blood co- 
agulates very slowly and is very pale. 

The Red Marrow: 

This undergoes a multiple haemorrhagic infiltration. 
The posterior portions of the spinal column seem to be 
mostly arTeeted. The diaphysis and epiphisis of the long 



: 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 1251 

bones arc markedly changed. On section there are vast 
haemorrhages into the marrow. These are usually small 
hut may be as large as a walnut. 

The Kidneys: . 

In mild, subacute or chronic cases there are no percep- 
tible changes in the kidneys. 

There is an acute parenchymatous inflammation, caus- 
ing swelling and softening of the kidneys. Sometimes the 
kidneys become extremely soft. 

The bladder is usually partially paralyzed and contains 
great quantities of urine, haemoglobin and white blood cor- 
puscles. 

The spinal chord is infiltrated and the veins are filled 
with dark blood. The liver is swollen and enlarged, the 
spleen is usually intact. The lungs are oedematous and the 
heart is dry and hard. In the body cavities there is found 
a bloody transudate. The cadaver has a tendency to de- 
compose rapidly. 

Symptoms: 

This disease is feverless. The digestion seems to be 
intact, and the increase in respiration seems to be due to 
pain in the muscles and bones. The stiff gait or apparent 
paralysis is also due to pain. 

Symptoms: 

i — The main symptom consists in stiffness of 
various groups of muscles and a loss of loco- 
motion of that part of the body. This usually 
affects the hind part, and the animal cannot 
get up. Animals that are attacked in the stall 
usually lie down, but horses that are affected 
out of the stall, or away from the barn usually 
try to stand up. The symptoms of this dis- 
ease appear very rapidly, sometimes they 
come on in a very few minutes. 
-9 



130 Notes on 

2 — There is a hardness of the muscles affected. 

The animals as a result lie stretched out flat 
on the side. Generally when the animal is 
moved it collapses. 

3 — The animals are very restless and nervous. 

In severe cases they show symptoms of con- 
gestion of the brain. If they are down they 
usually pound the head violently. 

4 — The animals are usually covered with a cold 

sweat, wdiich drops off of the abdomen. This 
sweat does not appear after the first symptoms 
pass off. 

5 — In some cases the secretion of urine is , in- 

creased but as a rule it is decreased. The 
urine is thick in consistency and chocolate or 
coffee colored. 

6 — Peristalsis is usually suppressed. 

7 — The pulse is rapid, 75 to 100 per minute, some- 

times it becomes quite weak and imperceptible, 
but in most cases is good. 

8 — The visible mucous membranes are congested 

and icteric. 

9 — The respirations are increased. 

10 — The appetite is usually suppressed. 
ii — If the animal lies on one side too long, it is 
apt to become affected with decubital gan- 
grane. Dccubitis. 
Course: 

The course may be : 

1 — Acute. 

2 — Subacute. 

An acute case lasts from five to ten days, a subacute 
from three t<> five. 

Azoturea terminates in : 
t — Death. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 131 

2 — Recovery. 

3 — Paralysis. 

Mild cases usually recover in from eight to twelve days. 
More severe cases in twenty to thirty days. 

Signs of recovery : 

i — ■ The animal is able to rise with ease. 

2 — The musculature becomes soft. 

3 — The pulse returns to normal. 

Complications: 

i — Decubitis. This is the result of sweating and 

lying in one position for a long period of 

time. 
2 — Paralysis of various groups of muscles. 

This is usually a result of the degeneration of 

the muscle tissue itself. 

The diagnosis depends upon : 

i — The history of the case. 

2 — Dark or coffee colored urine. 

3 — Muscular tremors and nervousness. 

It may also happen that there may be : 
i — A paralysis of the crural nerve. 

2 — A rupture of the achilles tendon. 

3 — A fracture of the pelvis. ** ^ 

4 — A fracture of the lumbar vertebrae. 

5 — Colicky symptoms. 

6 — ■ Poisoning due to over dosage of drugs. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis in cases that stand is usually favorable. 
No mortality. The prognosis in cases that go down is 
usually less favorable. Mortality 25%. 

Treatment: 

1 — Phlebotomy. 

2 — Arecoline, | gr. every six hours. 



132 Notes on 

3 — Coffeine Citrate, 40 to 100 gr. hypoclermically. 

Repeat as often as necessary to keep pulse 
regular and animal quiet. 

4 — Formin, 30 gr. every four to six hours. 

5 — Wash out bladder carefully. 

>^ >ji >! ; ^ 

1 — Salol, 30 gr. every six hours. 

2 — Turpentine, one ounce every four hours. 

3 — Sodium Bicarbonate in large oft repeated 

doses. . 

MOROSIS. 

Dummies. 

This consists of a chronic incurable, characteristic dis- 
ease of the brain, which is accompanied by more or les^ 
symptoms of idiotism. 

This disease is usually due to a collection of serum in 
the ventricles of the brain. Some authorities seem to think 
that it may be due to ulceration of the periostium or the 
brain coverings. In rare incurable cases exostosis have been 
found to exi^t on the inside of the cranial cavity. An in- 
flammation of the corpora striata may cause very similar 
symptoms as those of dummies. 

Commonly there are two forms of this disease: 

1 — ■ Idiopathic, primary, sporadic. 

2 — Secondary, result of some other disease. 

Secondary is usually due to chronic congestion, or the 
formation of great quantities of serum pressing on the 
vessel walls and brain. Morosis very rarely occurs in well 
bred horses of any breed, especially runners and trotters. 
It is seen mostly in coarse, phlegmatic horses that are heavy 
feeders and those doing slow work. Usually a horse of a 
lymphatic nature. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 133 

As to sex, geldings seem to be the most susceptible. 
Some authorities seem to think that the process of castra- 
tion favors this greatly. The shape of the brain box seems 
to be a predisposing cause. Horses with a large brain 
cavity seem to be most apt to become affected, for this 
allows great quantities of serum to gather and press on 
the brain. This cause may be hereditary for it is known 
that some stallions produce many cases of this kind. It 
has been known that a horse having a case of chronic or 
mild morosis was seemingly not affected with the disease 
after the reaching fifteen, to eighteen years. Horses be- 
tween the ages of eight to fourteen are most commonly 
affected. 

Such external causes as hard, driving, high checking, 
over feeding of proteids, stabling in damp, poorly ventilated 
stables, extreme exhaustion in hot weather may be some 
predisposing factors. • 

Symptoms: 

i — There are disturbances of brain functions, 

correlation, co-ordination. 
2 — -The sensorium is depressed. (Mind is not 

clear). 

3 — Depression of the temperament of the animal. 

4 — The tactile sense is destroyed. 

5 — The animal cannot locomote properly. 

6 — It stands with the front legs crossed and in the 

same position for hours. 

7 — The pulse is decreased in frequency. 

8 — The respirations are decreased. 

9 — Peristalsis is absent. 

io — The animals sometimes appear to be all right. 
will eat and suddenly forget, they stand with 
hay in mouth, look blank, the pupils are 
dilated, the upper lid is dropped, the ears are 
lopped or moved one at a time. 



134 Notes on 

II — The head is lowered and frequently in a 
cower. 

12 — [f the animal is suddenly attacked or hears 
some strange sound, they act as though they 
are greatly surprised and sometimes fright- 
ened. The head may be held sideways as a 
result of this. 

13 — The appetite is very variable. Some animals 

eat well, others do not eat at all. 

14 — When walking animals are very apt to tramp 

on themselves. 

15 — Mild cases of this are very hard to diagnose 

in the stall. 

Course: 

1 — Chronic cases are rarely curable, but usually 

come on at intervals. 
2 — It rarely happens that it affects the animal 
enough to cause it to become worthless. This 
disease is very rarely the cause of death. 

Diagnosis: 

This depends upon : 

1 — If the mind is clear. 

2 — If repeated attacks cause the brain to lose its 

function. 
3 — If the disease is idiopathic or secondary, 

Differential Diagnosis: 

1 — A depression of the sensorium. 

2 — A sluggish temperament., 

3 — Over exertion in hot weather. 

4 — Acute febrile disease, leaving the animal in a 

very debilitated condition. 
5 — Empyema of the sinuses. 
(> — Alveolar periostitis. 
7 — Severe eye affections. 
8 — Gastric disturbances. (Vertigo). 



j 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 135 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually favorable, depending, of 

course, upon the number and severity of the attacks. 

Treatment: 

1 — Arecoline, \ gr. every six hours. 

2 — • Pilocarpine, 3 grains every six hours. 

3 — ■ Drastic purgatives as gamboge or aloin in 

drachm doses every six hours. 

4 — Salts in two pound doses. 

5 — Phlebotomy. 

6 — Feed green, soft food. 

7 — Potassium Iodide one-half ounce daily. 



VERTIGO. 

This is caused by the uneven distribution of the blood 
in the brain. The spells or attacks come on when the horse 
is worked. This causes an increased arterial blood pressure. 
The centers of co-ordination seem to be the chief seat of 
the trouble. It seems to consist of a venous congestion with 
an arterial anaemia. Secondly the nerves of the blood 
vessels and the vaso-motor apparatus seem to be affected. 
A material change in the blood vessels themselves does not 
take place. This disease seems to occur most commonly 
in draft horses, less commonly in thoroughbreds and trot- 
ters. There are more cases seen in the spring and fall, 
than any other season of the year. 

Symptoms: 

Th£ symptoms, as a rule, appear when the horse is in 
motion. 

1 — The first thing noticed is staggering and weav- 

ing in the gait. 

2 — The horse begins to lean backward and then 

forward. 



136 Notes on 

3 — The legs begin to spread out. 

4 — The animal has a blank stary look in the face. 

5 — The head is held low and weaved back and 

forth. 

6 — The pulse is frequent. 

7 — The respirations are dyspnoeic. 

8 — The animal usually breaks out in a profuse 

sweat. 

9 — There is a trembling of the superficial muscles- 

These attacks last from one to four minutes, 
io — These attacks usually become intermittent, 
coming on at various periods, usually lasting^ 
some months. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Acute congestion of the brain. 

2 — Chronic heart failure. 

3 — Congestion of the lungs. 

4 — Over-exertion. 

Prognosis: 

This is usually favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Phlebotomy. 
2 — Artificial stimulation. 

3 1 ounce fluid extract Digitalis. (Do not re- 
peat.) 
4 — Arecoline, -.! grain twice daily. 



ABSCESS ( )F THE BRAIN. 



T 



This consists of a circumscribed suppuration of the 
brain. This usually happens as a result of an injury to the 
brain box, or by metastasis. Horses suffering with this 
disease usually undergo a degenerative process in the brain. 
This occurs most commonly as a secondary disease in: 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 137 

i — Contagious Corrhyza. 

2 — Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia. 

3 — Distemper. 

Symptoms: 

i — The symptoms are those of acute hydro- 
cephalus. 

2 — There is great depression of the sensorium. 

3 — The animal weaves back and forth. 

4 — The tactile sense is lost. 

5 — The pulse is 8o per minute. 

6 — The temperature is 103 . 

7 — Usually in about four days the animal dies. 

8 — It may happen that the fever is not present 

for several days. 

9 — The animal usually presses head against some- 

thing. Presses with great force. 
Course: 

In milder cases the course is about three days. In 
acute cases it almost always ends in death. 



CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. 

This disease is an accumulation of blood in the cranial 
cavity. It may be due to an impediment in the outflow, or 
an excessive amount of blood brought to the brain. 

It may be divided into : 
1 — Active congestion. 
2 — Passive congestion. 

Active congestion nearly always occurs in young ani- 
mals, as a rule as a result of severe bodily exertion, over- 
driving, or extreme excitement in hot weather. It has 
been known to occur in transport. It also may occur as 
a result of sunstroke, or becoming overheated on hot, stuffy 
days. It occurs secondarily in the course of a great many 



138 Notes on 

diseases, nearly always infectious diseases, such as dis- 
temper of dogs, etc. It may follow some previous diseased 
condition of the brain. 

Passive congestion of the brain usually occurs as a re- 
sult of compression of the jugular. Tight throat latch, 
tightly fitting collars, high checking, or some heart disease. 
It may also occur in a gastro-intestinal affection where there 
is an accumulation of gas in stomach and bowels. 

The main symptoms of a passive hyperaemia is that of 
depression. 

Symptoms of acute hyperaemia: 

i — Great excitement. 

2 — There is depression of the sensory nerves. 

3 — Animals may show furiousness^ (rabiform 

symptoms), causing animals to plunge for- 
ward and run into objects. 

4 — Animals kick and bite at various objects with- 

out any cause. 

5 — In some cases the animal will fly back sud- 

denly, breaking the halter strap. 

6 — In general the animal is extremely restless 

and excited. 

7 — On laying the hand over the skull, a rise in 

temperature will be indicated. 

8 — After this condition has existed for several 

hours the animal goes into a stage of de- 
pression. 

9 — In this condition the animal appears sleepy 

and usually rests the head on some portion of 
the barn. 

10 — The animal may perform an automatic move- 
ment of some kind. 

II — The pupils become dilated. 

12 — -The appetite is intermittent. 

13 — The pulse is usually a little above normal. 



■J 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 139 

D i ffe re ; / 1 ial D iag / / o sis : 

Inflammation of the brain. 

Treatment: 

i — Apply ice packs to the head. 

2 — Phlebotomy. 

3 — Mild laxatives. 

4 — Small doses of mix vomica, aloes. 

5 — Feed the animal bran mashes and green food. 

6 — Give animals plenty of water to drink. 
7 — -Aconite. 

8 — Veratrum, 
o — Arecoline. 

EPILEPSY. 

This is a chronic disease characterized by intermittent 
attacks or spasms. The mind is affected in this disease. 
There is nothing definitely known about the cause. 

Symptoms: 

There are two forms : 

A. True. 

B. False. 

A. True. 

i — While in motion the animal is suddenly at- 
tacked with spasms. These very rarely come 
on in the barn or in the field. They consist 
of twitching or jerking of the superficial 
muscles. Animals usually rear and fall to the 
ground, unconscious. The eyes are rolled 
and there is forced gritting of the teeth. 

2 — In rare cases the animal may have convul- 

sions. 

3 — These attacks last from four to eight minutes. 

B. False. 

This consists of a very mild case of Vertigo. The at- 



140 ' Xotcs on 

tacks are mild and as a rule last only about one to two min- 
utes. The symptoms are identical with true Vertigo, but 

not so marked. 

Course: 

The course is : 
i — Chronic. 

2 — The attacks usually recur in from six to eight 
weeks. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 
Treatment: 

This disease is practically incurable, but the following 
treatment may be used. 

i — Phlebotomy. 

2 — Bromides. 

3 — Arecoline. 



KCLAMPSIA. 
Causes: 

Idle cause of this disease is not exactly known, but it is 
supposed to be an auto-intoxication. It usually appears 
about the time of parturition. 

Symptoms: 

ddie symptoms are identical with those of strychnine 
poisoning, except in Eclampsia the animal is conscious, 
i — The body becomes stiff. 

2 — ddie muscles jerk, in some cases contract, 

causing tonic spasms. 

3 — The pulse is frequent and irregular. 

4 — The respirations are dyspnoeic. 

5 — These spells or attacks last from rive to ten 

minutes, usually recurring about once an 
hour. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 141 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually favorable. Severe cases end 
in death, milder cases in recovery. 

Treatment: 

i — Potassium Bromide. 

2 — Chloral Hydrate. 

3 — Inhalations of ammonia. 

4 — Arecoline. 



THERMIC FEVER. 

Thermic fever occurs as a result of over-exertion in 
extremely hot and sultry weather. 

Cause: 

The cause is supposed to be paralysis of the thermic 
centers in the brain, causing it to lose control over the body. 
A horse that is not used to extremely hard work is most apt 
to be affected. However, any horse may become affected 
with this disease. 

Symptoms: 

i — The animal becomes lagging in gait while be- 
ing driven. 

2 — The animal weaves back and forth and event- 

ually goes down. 

3 — After going down it is apparently in a helpless 

condition. 

4 — The sensorium depressed. 

5 — The body temperature is extremely high. 

6 — The animal usually lies prostrate on the 

ground and is unable to help itself. 

7 — The respirations are extremely fast. 

Course: 

The course of this disease is acute. 



142 



Notes o)i 



Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Pouring ice water on animal and cooling it off 
as rapidly as possible. 

2 — Something to produce sweating, as pilo- 

carpine in three grain doses or arecoline, one- 
half grain. 

3 — Artificial stimulation. 



THE EFFFXT OF LIGHTNING ON HORSE. 

Lightning unless it comes in direct contact with the 
animal very rarely kills it. After the course of a few 
hours there is generally some symptom noticed such as : 

Symptoms: 

i — Paraylsis of a nerve or paralysis of various 
nerves. 

2 — Deafness or paralysis of a portion of the body, 
such as paraplegia, haemoplegia. 

2 — In case this paraplegia becomes very severe 

the animals are unable to rise, or if they can 
rise there is seen an exceedingly weaving gait. 

3 — The pupils are dilated. In some cases the 

animal is totally blind. 

4 — It quite frequently happens thai an animal 
may apparently be all right for several weeks, 
but in the course of fifteen to eighteen days 
paralysis of some nerve will occur. 

5 — -The musculature of entire body is always 
affected more or less. 

() — As a rule the affected animal is very stiff. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 145 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually favorable except in cases of 
deafness, the horse usually remaining deaf the rest of his 
life. 

Treatment: 

i — Apply ice packs to the brain and bowels. 

2 — By way of the mouth give great quantities of 

vinegar. 

3 — Dilutions of acetic acid. 
4— Inhalations of ammonia. 

5 — Blistering in region of paralysis. 

6 — In case animal is emaciated give strychnine. 



ACUTE METRITIS. 

Septic Metritis. 

This usually occurs as a result of difficult parturition 
in which there is some infection conveyed into the uterine 
cavity, or if there was undue roughness on the part of 
the attendant. 

Causes as a result of this condition: 

i — j Wounding the uterine walls. 
2 — ■ Infection. 

Wounding the uterus happens in removal of the foetus 
in a rough manner or a forcible removal of the placenta. 
It may also result in a paralysis of the uterus. 

By means of the lymph the infection is carried to all 
parts of the body. This results in a typical pyaemia, with 
cloudy swellings of the internal organs and gastro-enteritis. 

Symptoms: (History of case). 

i — Lameness, symptoms of laminitis. 
2 — ■ En elevation of temperature, 104. 



144 Notes on 

3 — Almost total suppression of the appetite. 

4 — A foetid discharge from the vulva. 

5 — ■ The pulse is rapid and weak. 

6 — Animals seem to be in great pain. 

7 — -The respirations are dyspnoeic, the abdomen 

is tucked and held perfectly quiet. 
8 — -Great weakness and exhaustion. 
9 — -Continual straining as if to urinate. 

Prognosis: 

i — -If treated properly the prognosis is favorable. 

2 — If untreated the prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

I — ■ Phlebotomy. 

2 — -Blanket animal well and bandage the legs. 

3 — Disinfection of uterus. Irrigate the uterus 

once every two hours, with some mild non- 
irritating antiseptic, as potassium perman- 
ganate. This is the most important part of 
the treatment, and should be carefully carried 
out. 
4 — -Strychnine or Nux Vomica. 

5 — ■ Artificial Stimulation. 

6 — Linseed tea to keep bowels .open. 



CHRONIC CATARRH OF Till- UTERUS. 

CHRON] C CATA RRHAL 1 ; - N DOM ET R I T I S. 

Leucorrhoea — ■ // 'Jutes; 

This usually occurs in marcs that have given birth, 
but has been known to occur in mares that have not been 
pregnant. Usually seen between the age- seven and fifteen. 
It consists "t" a chronic, incurable degeneration of the 
mucous membrane ^i the uterus. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 145 

Pathology: 

This disease progresses very .slowly, and eventually 
leads to a parlysis of the uterus. From the first it leads to 
a contraction of the uterus. Pus cocci enter from external 
sources, this leads to a chronic suppurative inflammation. 
with erosions ulcers on the mucous membrane. Sometimes 
very severe cases pass to neighboring portions and the entire 
gen ito-uri nary tract becomes involved. In the uterus there- 
is formed a thick, slimy mass, which consists of pus, 
epithelium, moucous and white blood corpuscles. At given 
intervals the mouth of the womb (os uteri) opens and there 
is a great quantity of this product discharged. The entire 
uterus becomes thickened, rough and vascular. 

Symptoms: 

i — A whitish o r greyish discharge from the vulva 
n vv/y.n^ iUCAaU^s, rr\s ts e^hfr ,o* >tr n: 
or may appear at given intervals. 

2 — The discharge may he worse at times. 

3 — The act of urination seems to cause a little 

inconvenience as the animal will strain con- 
siderably after this. 

4 — If % the disease has run months or years the 

animals appear unthrifty and do not seem 
to assimilate properly. 

5 — Later on the appetite becomes changeable. 

6 — -The conjunctiva is discolored a dirty red or 
icteric. 

7 — If the discharge becomes copious in amount 

the vulva and the inside of the hind legs he- 
comes covered with erosions ulcers. 

8 — By manual exploration the os uteri is found 

opened so that two or three fingers may be 
passed into it. 
10 



146 Notes on 

9 — -If the disease becomes remittent and the at-, 
tacks very severe the pulse will be rapid and 
weak. 
10 — -The animals usually die in this disease from 
cachexia, the entire genito-urinary tract be- 
ing involved. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable in later stages, favorable 
in first stages. 

Treatment: 

1 — Later on in the course of the disease, treat- 

ment is almost worthless. 

2 — Arsenic and tonics. 

3 — Wash uterus with creolin, tannin, 

eserine hypodermically. 



URTICARIA. 

Nettle Rash. 

Hives 

This disease is characterized by swellings in the skin, 
which are sharply defined, and are about the size of a hazel 
nut or as large as a walnut. 

( (i uses: 

i — The supposition is that Urticaria is due to 
some fault in the feeding. Either too much 
food or food of an inferior quality. 

2 — II is usually seen in horses that have been fed 
large quantities of clover. 

3 — It is also seen as a symptom in Distemper, 
Contagious Corrhyza, Catarrh of the Respira- 
tory tract or any gastric affection. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 147 

The supposition is that the blood contains a specific 
toxine and this comes in contact with the skin, causing 
eruption. It may happen that this disease will appear and 
at the same time the animal is in an apparently healthy 
condition. 

This swelling of the skin consists in an infiltration of 
blood, serum and corpuscles. The vaso-motor apparatus 
seems to be affected and the blood vessels in this region be- 
come dilated and there is a transudation of serum in the 
substance of the skin itself. 

Nettle Rash or Urticaria may appear in two forms ; 
Acute or chronic. 

Symptoms: 

i — Xettle rash appears in all parts of the body, 
and attacks especially the thin-skinned por- 
tions of the body. 

2 — The sw r ellings vary in size from that of a 

hazel nut to one's fist. 

3 — In rare cases these become confluent and ex- 

tremely large. 

4 — These symptoms appear very suddenly. 

5 — Usually the upper eyelid becomes more or less 

infiltrated. 

6 — By manual examination of these swellings an 

oedema can be readily felt. 

7 — As a rule these swellings only last one to 

two days, at which time there is resorption of 
the exudate. 
8 — There generally seems to be more or less 

itching. 
9 — There are no general symptoms at all in this 

disease, 
io — In very rare cases there is a slight fever, but 
this is verv rare. 



148 Notes on 

Course: 

Acute form lasts from two to four days. 

Chronic form lasts one to three weeks or longer. It 
usually disappears with resorption of the exudate, but it 
may happen that from time to time, there may be a new 
transudation and a new swelling formed. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is very good. 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Purpura Haemorrhagica. 

2 — Eczema. 

3 — Herpes Tonsurans. 

/ ;--- Glanders of the '-kin. 

/ r eat me nt: 

The animal recovers from this disease without an> 
' ,r jj \\ e. '// (t j'f?y Y ■' ' '/ i r , : s r .• f c 
three days. 

i — ■ Internally mild laxatives. 

2 — - Externally, astringent washes. 



SPONTANEOUS SWEATING OF BLOOD. 

This usually occurs as a complication in an infectious 
or contagious disease, but a spontaneous sweating of blood 
in various parts of the body may be found under various 
circumstances. It is seen most commonly on the shoulder, 
the side of the neck and chest. It is seen more often in 
the summer than in the winter. 
Cause: 

The exact cause of this disease is unknown, but it is 
supposed to be due to a haemorrhagic infarct or to some 
disturbance of the, vaso-motor apparatus. 

Prognosis : 

The prognosis is good. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 149 

Treatment: 

Consists of antiseptic astringent washes as white lotion. 

ITCHING. 
Pruritis. 

Idiopathic itching' without any apparent cause whatever 
often appears in the horse. The only apparent symptom of 
this disease is a roughening of the skin, due to the con- 
tinual rubbing and irritation, trying to overcome the itching. 

Some authorities seem to think that the feeding is at 
fault, but so far as the exact cause is concerned, at the 
present time nothing is known. 

Symptoms: 

Consists of rubbing" and scratching. This sometimes 
becomes so severe that the hair falls off of affected parts. 

Diffcrcntrai Diagnosis: 
i — ■ Mange. 

2 — Lice. 

3 — ■ Eczema. 

4 — Various other parasites. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Externally, antiseptic washes. 
2 — Internally, arsenic. 

3-R 

Camphor gum. 
Carbolic acid aa 

Apply with a brush to parts affected. 

R 

Camphor gum. 
Chloral. 

Apply with a brush to affected parts. 



150 Notes on 

A local pruritisis often noticed in the region of the 
tail and mane. The cause of this disease is nearly always 
filth. Being the long-haired portions of the body they are 
hard to keep clean. Animals will rub tail and mane to 
such an extent that the hair falls out or becomes worn out. 

Treatment: 

i — Keep clean, wash with soap and water. 

2 — Apply some antiseptic solution as creolin or 

white lotion. 



NODULES IX THE SKIN DUE TO OVERHEATING. 

Often-times overheating in horses is followed by a 
Nodular Exanthema of the skin. This appears most fre- 
quently in the spring after a few very warm days. In the 
winter and the cold parts of the year, the skin generally re- 
mains intact, but in the warmer parts of the year, spring 
and summer, the hide becomes covered with small nodules. 
This causes the hair to fall out in a great many cases, leav- 
ing behind hairless areas. 

As a rule these coalesce, forming spots about the size 
of a quarter. In a very severe case it may happen that 
there will be postules formed, and these postules may be- 
come infected and then suppurate. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Course: 

Each attack usually runs a c<>ur>e of from five to six 
weeks before healing takes place. 

Treatment : 

Potassium Carbonate and Vaseline, <>nc to five. Apply 
to affected parts. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 151 



ERYTHREMA. 

This consists of a diffuse reddening of the skin, in- 
flammation of the papillary body, the epidermis being 
covered with small, round areas. 

There are tzvo kinds: 

i — Symptomatic. 
2 — ■ Idiopathic. 
Cause : 

The cause is not known. It is supposed to be some 
toxic product contained in the blood. This probably is ob- 
tained in the food. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is good. 

Treatment: 

1 — White lotion. 

2 — Three per cent, solution of alum. 



ECZEMA. 

There are the following common forms: 
i — Simple eczema. 

2 — ■ Simple generalized eczema. 

3 — Chronic papular. 

4 — Pustular eczema. 

5 — Dry eczema. 

i — -A Simple Local Eczema. 

This is an acute eczema with the formation of small 
vesicles which dry up in a very few days and leave scabs 
behind. This particular form of eczema usually affects the 
liead, nose and nostrils. It is usually sqqu to accompany 



152 Xotes on 

contagious corrhyza, and catarrhal affections of the res- 
piratory tract. This disease consists of a great number of 
small vesicles which are about the size of a pin head. 
These become confluent and discharge forming a mass, with 
hair and dirt. After healing this leaves no scar. 

Course: 

The. course is two to three weeks. 

Treatment: 

i — White lotion. 
2 — ■ Zinc ointment. 

2 — -A Simple Generalized Eczema. 

In this disease the eruption covers the entire body. 
The vesicles are about the size of a bean. They discharge 
and after a very few days dry up. As a rule the hair and 
this scrum forms a mat. This form is often seen in 
gastric affections. If this disease becomes very severe it 
causes itching. 

Course: 

The course is two to four weeks. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Creolin ointment. 

2 — • Zinc ointment. 

3 — Zinc oxide. 

Alum and tannin. 

Bismuth subnitrate. 

Sodium salicylate. 

The above may be used separately or together 

as a dusting powder. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 153 

3 — Chronic Papular Eczema. 

This occurs in patches all over the body. The indi- 
vidual lesion is about the size 'of a ten cent piece. From 
this there exudes a yellowish exudate, which runs out over 
the hair and dries up. After eight to fourteen days the 
hair comes out, and there is left a hairless spot. This 
disease causes considerable itching, and as a result of this 
itching the skin is usually injured. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. The animal never dies 
as a result of this disease, but it very hard to relieve. 

Treatment: 

i — Potassium carbonate, vaseline, I to 5. 
2 — Bismuth subnitrate or vaseline. 1 to 5. 

3-R 

Bichloride, 1 

Alcohol, 5. 
R 

Formalin, 1 

Water, 10. 

Apply with a brush. 
R 

Carbolic acid, 

Tr I aa 

Apply with a brush. 

4. Dry Eczema. 

This presents the same symptoms as acue contagiosa,, 
except that it is not infectious. 

Symptoms: 

1 — First stage of this disease, animal appears as 

though it were sweating. 

2 — Later on the skin becomes inflamed. 



154 Notes on 

• 3 — The pulse becomes accelerated and the animal 
refuses to eat. 

4 — The legs are covered with an exanthema. 

They become sweaty and the animal can 
hardly walk. 

5 — The lesion itself consists of a conglomerate 

postule covered with a dark brown scab. 

6 — This leaves an ulcer, which usually discharges 

a greyish pus. 
Course: 

The course is usually of from two to three months. 

Differential Diagnosis: 
Acne Contiagiosa. ' 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Oil of tar. 

2 — Lugol's solution. 

3 — Alcohol and bichloride. 

. 4 — Red precipitate ointment. 

R 

Alcohol, 5. 
Bichloride, 1. 
Apply with a brush. 



MANGE. 

General symptoms of mange. 

In order to make a proper diagnosis of mange micro- 
scopic examination must he made and mange mites deter- 
mined. 

General symptoms of mange arc: 
1 — Itching, (pruritis). 
2 — Reddening of the skin. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 155 

3 — Loss of hair or wool, as the case might be. 

4 — Thickening of the skin, and effusion on the 

skin, with crust formation. 

5 — Itching is most intense when animal is warm 

and in the night time. 

6 — The psoropts are most active and cause most 

intense itching. 

7 — The itching- is supposed to be due to an acrid 

fluid, which is produced in the lesion. 

8 — There is usually the appearance of a papule, 

which later on forms a scab and under this 
scab there is usually a female. 

9 — In making the diagnosis scrapings should be 

taken under the scabs, 
io — Following this scab the hair falls out, which 
leaves hairless portions or areas covered with 
scabs behind. 

Symptoms of sarcoptic mange of the horse : 
This usually begins on the withers, extends to the 
neck, then to the shoulders and then all over the body. The 
legs are the last to be affected. This form of mange never 
affects the mane and the tail. 

PSOROPTIC MANGE. 

This affects mainly the long haired portions of the body 
and never affects the limbs. Usually begins on the poll and 
extends from there to the withers. It spreads very much 
slower than the sarcoptic mange. The first noticeable thing 
is that the hair is tangled. The skin becomes covered with 
scabs and scales. 

PSOROPTIC MANGE OF THE OX. 

This usually begins at the root of the tail and works 
forward through the rest of the bodv. It very rarelv affects 



15P> ' Notes on 

the limbs. This form always becomes worse when the ani- 
mals are stabled. \t is better when animals are on pasture. 
it also becomes worse in cold weather. The lesions are ex- 
actly those of general symptoms of mange. 

Symbiotic mange of the ox. 

This usually localizes itself at the root of the tail. It 
spreads very slowly and the main symptom is simply that 
of itching, ( Pruritis). 

Scabies jx Sheep. 

This occurs in those portions of the body that are not 
covered with wool. It affects the limbs and the face. It 
usually begins on the upper lip and around the nostrils. It 
spreads from here all over the body and the limbs producing 

symptoms of mange. Sheep constantly rub face. 

Psoroptic Scabies ok Sheep. 

This is commonly called sheep scab. It affects the 
wooly portions of the body. The first thing noticed is that 
the wool becomes tufted, then Pruritis or itching. The sheep 
rub themselves and kick. When the wool is parted a papule 
will be noticed. All over the skin the mange mite can be 
found. This mite is about as large as a pea. 

FOLLIfULAR MANGE. 

Tliis form of mange is caused by the demodox follicu- 
larum. This form of mange usually begins in patches in 
which there arc papules. These papules later on change to 
a postule. The skin becomes very much inflamed, thick- 
ened and the hair falls out. Gradually this condition be- 
comes general. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 157 

Mastitis. 

The ancients taught that mastitis was due to catching 
cold and rough handling of the udder or improper milking. 
Recently we have come to believe that it is due to an infec- 
tion. The infection gains entrance through the teat canal, 
passes up the canal and from there infects the entire udder. 
This causes the decomposition of the milk, this in turn irri- 
tates the mucous membrane and the epithelium. 

There are three ways in which mastitis may be spread : 

i — By means of the teat and milk duct, ( galac- 

togenous mastitis). 
2 — - ?>> ihe lyoipli stream thrjugh legions in Ihe 

skin and subcutaneous tissue, (lymphogenous 

mastitis). 
? — Py ^h^ Mcxl st**e il -* r i h3^r n °t r 'o rpk n^u c f^as 

LltiS). 



OEDEMA AXD PHLEGMON OF THE UDDER. 

Toward the end of gestation there is a congestion of 
the udder and as a result a great quantity of serum is 
thrown out into the subctitis. After calving the udder be- 
comes very painful and swollen so that milking is almost 
impossible. The udder is very hot and the skin is reddened. 
A wound infection may cause the same condition. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable in most cases. 

Treatment: 

i — Massage with frequent milking. 

2 — Bathe the udder once an hour with warm 

water. 

3 — Warm lard and turpentine, apply with plenty 

of massage. 



158 Notes on 

4 — Camphorated oil, apply with plenty of mas- 

sage. 

5 — Belladonna ointment, apply freely with mas-« 

sage. 

6 — May give mix vomica internally. 

7 — Phytolacca is necessary, give five drops every 

two hours. 



. ABSCESS IN THE UDDER. 

This affects only one quarter in the udder. A hind 
quarter is more frequently affected than a fore quarter. 



Causes: 

This is usually due to wounding with a direct infection 



Symptoms: 

i — Fever and general symptoms. 

2 — A severe phlegmon with abscess formation. 

3 — The abscess involves the parenchymatous and 

subcutaneous connective tissue. 

4 — These abscesses point very slowly. 

5 — In rare cases the abscess will discharge into 
the teat canal. 






Tlie discharge from the -abscess is very thick and 
bloody. 



Prognosis: 

Tlie prognosis is usually favorable. 

( 'ourse: 

The course is about three to four weeks. 

Treatment: 

i — Try to cause the abscess t«> point, 

a ) Antiphlogistine. 

1)) Priesnitz packs. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 15^> 

c) Moist heat. 

d) Strong liniments. 

2 — Open abscess as early as possible. 

3 — Treat symptoms as they arise. 



CATARRHAL MASTITIS. 

This consists of an inflammation of the mucous mem- 
brane of the cistern and canal. This inflammation spreads 
to the epithelium, causing a change in the secretion. 
Cause: 

Bacteria gaining entrance to the canal. 

Symptoms: 

i — The udder feels hard and nodular. 

2 — The swelling is low down and affects only 

one-quarter or a half of the udder. 

3 — The gland tissue is not affected in the begin- 

ning of the disease. 

4 — The milk that is drawn off is watery, floccu- 

lent and in some cases cheesy. 

5 — This disease usually leads to stenosis or ob- 

literation of the teat canal, causing the animal 
to lose that quarter. This disease may also 
lead to a pseudo-hypertrophy causing a so- 
called "fleshy quarter." 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable for the milk secretion m 
that quarter. 

Treatment: 

I — Hot water and plenty of massage. 

2 — Camphorated oil with plenty of massage. 

3 — Strong liniments. 

4 — Phytolacca, five drops every two hours. 



160 Notes on 



PARENCHYMATOUS MASTITIS. 

This particular form of mastitis is the most common. 
This involves the mucous membrane of the teat cistern and 
the epithelium of the gland. As a rule, however, this dis- 
ease may affect an entire udder or only one quarter. As a 
general rule only one quarter is affected. Hind quarters 
become affected more often than fore-quarters. 

Cause: 

i — Wounding of the udder. 

2 — It is seen secondarily to foot and mouth dis- 

cos.' aw! infectk-rtSi aytha. 
Syntptomj: 

The symptoms appear after a period of incubation oi 
from two to three days. 

" - 7 iif i? * J'** /. j r? ?' * . ' / * / 

2 — The skin is swollen ana ledtiened. 

3 — Animal shows great pain on pressure. 

4 — The milk is very cheesy in consistency. 

5 — Almost complete anorexia. 

6 — The temperature is elevated. 

7 — The animal may have a chill. 
Course: 

The course is short. The portion of the udder affected 
usually becomes atrophic. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis so far as life is concerned is favorable 

but the function of that quarter is lost. 

Treatment: 

i — Frequent milking with massage. 

2 — Use teat tube. 

3 — Treat the same as before. 
4 — Preventative treatment consists in careful 

handling of the udder and proper milking. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine, 161 



SEPTIC MASTITIS. 

The cause of this form of mastitis is supposed to be 
due to metastasis. That is the pus cocci are carried by 
the blood and then lodge in the udder. It usually follows 
septic metritis or septic gastro-enteritis. 

This disease is not very common but does occur occa- 
sionally. 

Symptoms: 

i — A high fever 103 to 105 . 

2 — The pulse is 90 to 100 per minute. 

3 — The respirations are 25 to 40 per minute. 

4 — The udder is severely swollen. 

5 — On milking there comes out a dark, bloody, 

stinking discharge. In some cases almost pure 

pus comes out. 
Course: 

After three to four days the animals usually die. The 
animal becomes cyanotic, collapses and dies. 

Treatment: 

No good treatment. 



GANGRENOUS DERMATITIS OF THE UDDER. 

By means of wound infection the skin and entire udder 
may become gangrenous. 

Symptoms: 

1 — One to two days after the infection, the milk 

appears dark or bluish. 

2 — The udder usually swells and reddens a little. 

3 — Usually only one quarter is affected. 
*11 



162 Notes on 

Course: 

The course is two to three days. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

Antiseptic ointments. 



INFECTIOUS GANGRENOUS MASTITIS. 

This disease is contagious and as a rule there is more 
than one animal affected. This disease appears sporadic 
and enzootic. 

Symptoms: 

i — One quarter of the udder becomes bluish in 
color and cold. 

2 — From the teat there exudes a dark stinking 

fluid. 

3 — No general symptoms except in the first stages 

of severe cases. 

4 — Later on quarter drops off. 

Treatment: 

Surgical, remove parts affected. 



TABES. 

This disease occurs in horses, cattle, swine, goats and 
sheep. It consists of a chronic disturbance of the digestive 
functions with a continual decrease in the size of the body 
with a resulting death. This disease usually comes on be- 
tween the ages of one and two. The process is supposed 
to be some disturbance in assimilation. # 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 163 

Aetiology: 

This disease usually occurs before the animal is three 
years old. This disease rarely occurs in the summer months, 
when the animal can get green food, but mostly in winter. 
The glands in the gastro-intestinal tract become very atro- 
phic and do not secrete properly. 

Symptoms: 

i '■ — The first noticeable symptom is that the appe- 
tite becomes lessened, and finally is totally sup- 
pressed. The animals usually prefer grain to 
rough food. Only small quantities of food 
are taken at a time. The animals chew very 
slowly and often grit the teeth. 

2 — There is a decrease in the animal's condition 

of flesh, their eyes sink into the sockets, neck 
becomes very thin, ribs show, and abdomen is 
tucked up. 

3 — The hair coat becomes rough, long, dry, and 

the skin seems to be fast to the subcutaneous 
tissue. 

4 — The feces that are voided are in very small 

dark brown pellets. 

5 — The pulse is increased. 

6 — The animals become weak and often are un- 

able to rise. 
Course: 

The course is chronic, three to six months. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually fatal. 

Treatment: 

i — Change of feed, feed good, clean, nourishing 
food. 

2 — Give stomachics and tonics. 

3 — If possible give green food, 



164 Notes on 



ESSENTIAL ANAEMIA. 

This disease consists of a lessening of the red blood 
corpuscles, a lessening in the amount of blood, a lessening 
in the fibrin and a lessening in the. formation of the red 
blood corpuscles. They have lost the power of poikilo- 
cytosis. 

Symptoms: 

i — Anorexia. 

2 — ■ The appetite becomes lessened. 

3 — The abdomen is tucked up. 

4 — The, visible mucous membranes are especially 

light in color (pale). 

5 — The sensorium is somewhat depressed. 

6 — * There is progressive emaciation. 

7 — The pulse is small and weak. 

8 — On holding hand over heart the heart beats 

are, felt very easily. 

9 — Animals have a tendency to decubitis. Decu- 

bital ulcers, 
io — There are oedematous swellings in the sub- 
cutus. 
Course: 

This disease usually runs a course of from four to eight 
weeks. Animals usually die with tabes. 

Post Mortem : 

i — On section animals are found to be almost 
bloodless. All the internal organs are pale. 

2 — There are slight haemorrhages into the serous 

membranes. There is no change in the paren- 
chymatous tissue of the organ. 

3 — The spleen is usually enlarged a little. 



. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 165 

Differential Diagnosis: 

i — Amyloid degeneration of the liver. 
2 — Gastric disturbances. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

Preparations of arsenic, iron and iodine. 



LEUCAEMIA. 

This is a disease in which there is an acute or chronic 
inflammation of the lymph glands and the spleen with an 
increased number of the white blood corpuscles. This 
usually follows some debilitating disease, as distemper, 
glanders, and contagious pleuro-pneumonia. 

As a result of this diseased condition of the lymph 
glands and spleen, there is an incurable constitutional dis- 
turbance of the digestive function. 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms of this disease are not shown for a long 
while. 

1 — Animals are easily exhausted after being 

driven. 

2 — The visible mucous membranes become very 

pale. 

3 — After the disease has run a course of some 

length of time, the appetite is suppressed, the 
pulse is full, and the respirations are some- 
what hurried. 

4 — In this disease there is a slight rise in ten 
perature. 

5 — There is usually a slight swelling in the lymph 
glands in the region of the head. 



166 Notes on 

Coarse: 

The course is three to six months. 

Post Mortem: 

i — There is swelling of the lymph glands. 

2 — The consistency of the glands is soft and on 

section the parenchyma appears to be diseased. 

3 — ■ There is also a swelling of the spleen. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

Consists in preparations of arsenic and iron. 

PSEUDO-LEUCAEMIA. 

This is primarily a disease of the lymph glands. It 
consists in enlarging the tumefaction of the lymph gland's, 
causing them to become as large as a hen's egg or a 
fist. They may be hard or soft in consistency. The 
cut surface is of a grey or striped appearance. The sup- 
position is that these enlarged lymph glands cause forma- 
tion of a specific, infectious material. 

This disease is very frequently mistaken for tuber- 
culosis, and is known as "tuberculosis of the horse." In 
this disease there may be changes in lung, liver and skin, 
as well as all other organs. The lymph glands in connec- 
tion with all of these organs become enlarged. 

Symptoms: 

i — There is swelling of the lymph glands in re- 
gion of the head and neck. 
2 — -The appetite is very irregular. 

3 — Oedematous swellings in the skin. 

4 — These patients are very susceptible to the for- 

mation of haemotomas, especially in the region 
of the mouth. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 167 

5 — This may also lead to the formation of 
pruritis, in various portions of the body. 

Post Mortem: 

i — The lymph glands throughout the body are 

swollen and enlarged. 
2 — There is the formation of lymphomas re- 
sembling tuberculosis. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

Preparations of arsenic and iron. 



CONSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESS OF THE 
NEW-BORN. 

This may be brought on by a premature birth. It is, 
, however, a congenital disease in most cases, which is con- 
tracted during foetal life. In some studs it is found that 
some mares always produce this sort of foetus. 

Symptoms: 

i — ■ The animal is very thin. 

2 — There is general weakness and debility. 

3 — The animal can hardly stand and walk. 

4 — The appetite is usually good. 

5 — The flexors and extensors seem to be most 

commonly arTected. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Give the mare plenty of good nourishing food. 

2 — See that the colt sucks. 

3 — Give the colt artificial stimulation. 

4 — May give the colt iron and arsenic tonic-. 



168 Notes on 

CONSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESS DUE TO HUNGER. 

I [unger Cachexia. 

This disease may be due to lack of proper food, lack 
of quantity of food or over exertion with lack of food. 

Symptoms: 

i — Rough, long hair coat. 

2 — I )irty, dry skin. 

3 — Long-, thin neck. 

4 — All the muscles are atrophic. 

5 — The visible mucous membranes are anaemic 

and pale. 

6 — The pulse is soft and weak. 

7 — There is a little rise in temperature. 

8 — There are oedematous swellings in the sub- 

cutis all over the body. 
() — Great weakness and debility. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Dietitis. 

j — Arsenic. 

3 — ■ Iron. 

4 — Salt, plenty of common salt. 

INSTITUTIONAL DISEASES OE THE BONE. 

Km \( ii i ris. 

This disease usually occurs in young animals, the sup- 
position being thai there is not enough -alts in the food 
to assist in the formation of bone. It occurs most com- 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 169 

monly in flesh eating animals. The milk does not contain 
enough of the calcium salts. Some authorities seem to 
think that it is due to a specific change in the blood and 
that phosphorus is necessary. In colts this disease may 
occur an}' time up to two years old, in pups it usually occurs 
before the animal is six months old. 

In rhachitis there is a disturbance in the endochondral 
ossification. The epiphysis becomes enlarged and the mar- 
row becomes ossified. The periostium is also affected and 
becomes exceedingly thick. Then there is a change in the 
position of the long bone, owing to the extreme largeness 
of the epiphysis and the muscular contraction. The bones 
become bent in various ways. 

Symptoms : 

i — ■ The symptoms are those of general debility, 
weakness, emaciation, the hair is rough and 
the animals are usually very thin. 

2 — There is swelling of the, joints. 

3 — ■ Animals He continually. 

4 — In a great many cases the carpus and tarsus 

are changed in position and the toes turned up. 

Animals suffering from this disease usually die from 
inanition. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable if treated, unfavorable if 
riot treated. 

Treatment: 

Phosphorus oil, one to ten drops. 
Syrup of lime, one to two ounces. 
Good feed. 



170 Xotcs on 



GENERAL OSTEOPOROSIS. 

This consists in a chronic constitutional change in the 
bone-marrow with a decomposition and solution of the 
salts, with a secondary periostitis. It is supposed to be 
brought about by feeding various feeds, such as feeding' 
colts, clover, h<i\', etc. 

Symptoms: 

i — ■ Lameness and stiffness. 

2 — Changing lameness. 

3 — ■ An enlargement of the bone. 

4 — The visible bones are enlarged, especially in 

head and legs. 

5 — ■ The animals usually show such symptoms as 

are shown in cachexia. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually unfavorable. 

Treatment : 

i — Syrup of lime. 

2 — ■ Change of feed. 

3 — ■ [odine. 



SIMPLE DIARRH( )EA. 

This is brought on by the so-called catching cold or be- 
ing unduly exposed to the atmospheric changes. This re- 
sults in a contraction of the small intestine with increased 
peristalsis. 



Symptoms: 

t — ■ 1 Hillness. 

2 — Slight colicky symptoms. 

3 — The frequent passage of liquid feces. 

4 — There arc no general symptoms present. 






Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 171 

Course: 

Three to fifteen hours or even some days. 

Treatment: 

i — Camphor, half ounce. 
R 

Bismuth Sub., oz. 2 

Opium, oz. 4 

Divide into four doses, give one dose every 
two hours. 
3 — Alcohol, two ounces and turpentine half ounce. 



ACUTE DIARRHOEA IN COLTS. 

This occurs after a stagnation of the milk in the udder 
of the mother, or the mother is unduly excited and heated. 
This milk is supposed to undergo some decomposition and 
act as a toxic product. 

Symptoms: 

1 — Anorexia and dullness. 

2 — A foetid diarrhoea (yellow). 

3 — The hind quarters are covered with feces. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is usually unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

1 — Same as simple diarrhoea. 

2 — Milk mother and do not allow colt to suck for 

several days. 

CHRONIC DIARRHOEA. 

This disease is due to the following causes : 

1 — A stasis of blood in the small intestine. 

2 — Some diatetic mismanagement. 



172 Notes on 

3 — Bad teeth. 

4* — Gastrointestinal catarrh, (chronic). 

5 — An infection in the gastro-intestinal tract. 

Symptoms: 

i — Constant diarrhoea, usually appearing while 

in motion. 
2 — These animals usually look rough and poorly 
nourished, but there are no apparent symptoms 
present. 
Course: 

The course is years. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable so far as life is concerned, 
but for healing very unfavorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Powdered nux vomica in small doses. 

2 — Tannin in small doses well diluted. 

3 — Rhubarb and calomel. 

4 — Magnesia, half ounce. 

5 — Bismuth and opium. 



SIMPLE OBSTIPATION. 

This is caused by very dry food, lack of gastric secre- 
tion or paralysis of motor nerves in the bowel. 

Symptoms: 

i — No feces voided. 

2 — There is very little peristalsis. 

3 — The pulse, respiration and temperature is nor- 

mal. 

4 — Anorexia and dullness. 

5 — The visible mucous membranes are muddy or 

yellowish. 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 173 

Course: 

The course is one to six days. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 

Treatment: 

i — Mechanically flushing out the gastro-intestinal 
tract. 

2 — Arecoline in half grain doses. 

3 — Pilocarpine. 

4 — Powdered mix vomica in small doses. 

5 — Aloin in small doses. 



PARALYSIS OF THE RECTUM. 

This consists of a fibrinous inflammation of the connec- 
tive tissue, surrounding the rectum involving the nerves 
of the rectum. 

Symptoms: 

i — The passing of feces is almost impossible and 
accompanied with a great deal of straining. 

2 — Usually there is a plugging up of the rectum 

and colon with continual straining. 

3 — After one to two days of no feces passed, 

colicky symptoms appear. 

4 — After this disease has run for two to three 

weeks the sphincter ani becomes paralyzed and 
remains open. 

5 — This may be accompanied with a paralysis of 

the bladder. 
Diagnosis: 

The diagnosis depends upon the history of the case. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 



174 ■ Notes on 

Treatment: 

i — Arecoline in half grain doses. 

2 — Strychnine. 

^ — Nux vomica in small doses. 

ACUTE PERITONITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the peritoneum. This dis- 
ease .is always secondary to some other disease and never 
occurs primarily. It is usually due to wounds or following 
castration as a result of infection. It may also occur as a 
result of incarcerated hernia or any operation in the region 
of the abdominal cavity. It may also follow a septic infec- 
tion of the uterus or a punctured wound of the uterus, va- 
gina or rectum. 

Peritonitis may be a serous, fibrinous, suppurative, 
liacmorrhagic or gangrenous process. 

Symptoms: 

i — Colicky pains. 

2 — Anorexia. 

3 — Elevation of temperature. 

4 — Pulse hard and fast. 

5 — Respirations dyspnoeic, the breathing is done 
entirely with the ribs, abdomen held stiff. 

6 — Peristalsis suppressed. 

7 — Visible mucous membranes, cyanotic. 

8 — Sensorium depressed. 
Course: 

The course is from three to fourteen days, depending 
upon the severity of the attack. 

Differential Diagnosis: 
i — Colic. 

Prognosis: 

The prognosis is unfavorable in a general peritonitis, 
while in a localized it is more favorable, 



Theory and Practice of Veterinary Medicine. 175 

Treatment: 

i — Morphia in three to six grain doses. 
2 — Calomel. 



LYMPHANGITIS. 

This is a simple inflammation of the lymphatic ves- 
sels and glands. 

The cause is not exactly known, but the supposition 
is that it is due to certain toxic agents, which are brought 
about by high feeding and rest. This disease nearly always 
comes on after a period of work. The lymph is carried 
throughout the body by muscular exertion, and during the 
period of rest there is a stasis. Lymphangitis very fre- 
quently develops in fhe neighborhood of wounds and is 
usually a local affection. 

Occurrence: 

This disease is usually seen in heavy draft horses and 
horses of a lymphatic temperament, after they have been 
kept on high feed during work, and then a period of 
rest on high feed. 

Symptoms: 

The symptoms appear very rapidly, usually over night, 
i — ■ The temperature is elevated. 

2 — The pulse is high. 

3 — Labored breathing. 

4 — Usually a complete anorexia, with thirst. 

5 — Patient very rarely moves, and when it does 

move is very lame, usually in one hind limb. 

6 — On examination of the inside of the thigh, 

the lymph glands will be found to ue swollen, 
hot and painful. 

7 — In this disease there may be chills from time 

to time. 



176 



Notes on 



8 — Usually the subcutaneous connective tissue 

comes dropsical and warm. 

9 — The lymph vessel itself has the appearance of 

rope. It is oedematous and corded. Has the 
appearance of being engorged. 

This disease may run such a mild course that general 
symptoms are not present, simply a swelling. 

Results of this disease: 

This disease may leave the animal with a chronic affec- 
tion of one hind limb. Chronic lymphangitis. This con 
dition causes an increase of the connective tissue. 

Course: 

The course is usually from three to ten days. 
Prognosis: 

The prognosis is favorable. 
Differential Diagnosis: 

Farcy or skin glanders. 
Treatment: 

i — Remove feed, give patient absolutely nothing 
to eat for the first two to three days. 

2 — Exercise the animal carefully, to establish 

circulation of the limb. 

3 — Externally apply hot water with plenty of 

massage on the affected portion. 

4 — Phlebotomy is also indicated. 

5 — Give some laxative internally as small doses of 

aloes, mix vomica, calomel, etc. 

6 — In case the swelling does not subside properly 

apply white lotion or some similar astringent. 

7 — Diuretics may be given such as sodium bi- 

carbonate, iodide of potash, fluid extract 
digitalis. 









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